{"id":89145,"date":"2018-02-18T09:58:00","date_gmt":"2018-02-18T09:58:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-01-06T20:32:16","modified_gmt":"2023-01-06T20:32:16","slug":"rolul-actorilor-non-statali-in","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/2018\/02\/18\/rolul-actorilor-non-statali-in\/","title":{"rendered":"Rolul actorilor non- statali \u00een rela\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale."},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><h3 class=\"post-title entry-title\" itemprop=\"headline\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; position: relative;\"><\/h3>\n<div class=\"post-body entry-content\" id=\"post-body-6057400261349257531\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 615px;\">\n<div class=\"postBody\" style=\"color: black; text-align: justify;\">Teza potrivit c\u0103reia statul este unicul actor semnificativ \u00een RI a fost o constant\u0103 a teoretiz\u0103rilor realiste, mai vechi sau mai noi. De-a lungul timpului, realismul a fost criticat pentru&nbsp;<em>statocentrismul<\/em>&nbsp;lui. Schimb\u0103rile \u00een cadrul RI au influen\u0163at, desigur, teoretiz\u0103rile asupra actorilor.<br \/>Se poate aprecia c\u0103&nbsp;<strong><em>monopolul<\/em>&nbsp;conferit statului de c\u0103tre reali\u015fti<\/strong>&nbsp;a intrat \u00eentr-o faz\u0103 de&nbsp;<strong>contestare sistematic\u0103, mai ales \u00eencep\u00e2nd din anii 70,<\/strong>&nbsp;c\u00e2nd evolu\u0163iile la nivel interna\u0163ional au stimulat \u00abdezagregarea\u00bb statului \u015fi tratarea ca actori autonomi a agen\u0163iilor birocratice guvernamentale (tip CIA, sau piramida Partidului Comunist), dar mai ales privilegierea actorilor nestatali, \u00een special a celor transna\u0163ionali.<a href=\"http:\/\/optdolari.blogspot.ca\/2011\/03\/rolul-actorilor-non-statali-in.html\" name=\"more\" style=\"color: #ee5307; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;\"><\/a><br \/><strong>Actor<\/strong><strong><em>=<\/em><\/strong>orice entitate care joac\u0103 un rol identificabil \u00een RI (<em>def<\/em>: Miroiu, Ungureanu). Aceast\u0103 defini\u0163ie permite includerea \u2014 la limit\u0103 \u2014 chiar \u015fi a&nbsp;<strong><em>indivizilor<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;\u00een aceast\u0103 categorie. A\u015fadar, al\u0103turi de statul-na\u0163iune \u00een lumea contemporan\u0103 \u00ee\u015fi fac sim\u0163it\u0103 prezen\u0163a \u015fi al\u0163i actori: organiza\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale \u2014 (inter)guvernamentale(OIG) \u015fi neguvernamentale(OING) \u2014 \u015fi corpora\u0163iile transna\u0163ionale sunt primele entit\u0103\u0163i care ies \u00een eviden\u0163\u0103.<br \/>Perspectiva se completeaz\u0103 \u015fi prin includerea \u015fi analiza actorilor \u00abnelegitimi\u00bb, precum mi\u015fc\u0103rile teroriste transna\u0163ionale, alte grupuri transna\u0163ionale ale crimei organizate.&nbsp;<strong>Actori nestatali<\/strong>&nbsp;(W.Wallace, D.Josselin)=organiza\u0163ii \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 sau complet autonome fa\u0163\u0103 de finan\u0163area \u015fi controlul guvernului central, eman\u00e2nd din societatea civil\u0103, economia de pia\u0163\u0103, sau impulsuri politice care exclud controlul \u015fi conducerea statal\u0103. Ace\u015fti actori opereaz\u0103 ca re\u0163ele sau particip\u0103 \u00een re\u0163ele care dep\u0103\u015fesc grani\u0163ele a 2 sau m\/m state \u2014 deci, se angajeaz\u0103 \u00een rela\u0163ii \u00abtransna\u0163ionale\u00bb, ce leag\u0103 sisteme politice, economiile, societ\u0103\u0163ile. \u00cen fine, actorii nonstatali ac\u0163ioneaz\u0103 \u00een a\u015fa fel, \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 produc\u0103 consecin\u0163e \u00eentr-unul sau mai multe state sau \u00een OI.<br \/><strong>OIG<\/strong>=o organiza\u0163ie interna\u0163ional\u0103 din care poate face parte doar statele, iar autoritatea decizional\u0103 revine reprezentan\u0163ilor guvernelor statelor membre(ONU, NATO, ICE). Peisajul institu\u0163ional este destul de divers, a\u015fa cum o ilustreaz\u0103 Uniunea European\u0103(care a evoluat c\u0103tre un sistem de guvernare tot mai \u00eendep\u0103rtat de cel al OIG \u015fi mai apropiat de cel etatic\/statal) \u015fi chiar ONU \u2014 \u00een cadrul c\u0103reia MPs \u00eenving\u0103toare \u00een WW2 este marcat\u0103 prin statutul lor de membre permanente, cu drept de veto, ale Consiliului de Securitate.<br \/><strong>OING<\/strong>=\u00eentrune\u015fte entit\u0103\u0163i ce nu fac parte din sistemul guvernamental, provenind din mai multe state. Ace\u015fti actori pot fi ONG-uri na\u0163ionale (inclusiv&nbsp;<strong>biserici<\/strong>, sindicate, patronate), companii, partide politice, nu \u00eens\u0103 \u015fi agen\u0163iile guvernamentale. OIG sunt create pe baza unor tratate interna\u0163ionale de constituire. Incorporeaz\u0103 neap\u0103rat organe plenare, \u015fi secretariate (organe cu caracter permanent, \u00een cadrul c\u0103rora activeaz\u0103 func\u0163ionari interna\u0163ionali).<br \/>Avem OI \u2014 interna\u0163ionale\/globale \u015fi OI regionale (ca acoperire geografic\u0103); OI \u2014 cu scopuri globale \u015fi OI cu scopuri specifice (conform criteriului scopurilor. \u00cen perioada postbelic\u0103 \u2014 cu prec\u0103dere dup\u0103 RR \u2014 num\u0103rul OIG a crescut semnificativ, ajung\u00e2nd ast\u0103zi la&nbsp;<strong>peste 300<\/strong>(Goldstein, 2004). Aten\u0163ia acordat\u0103&nbsp;<strong>OING<\/strong>&nbsp;a devenit tot mai pronun\u0163at\u0103 \u00een ultimii ani, pe fonul contur\u0103rii modelului empirico-normativ al \u00abpoliticii globale\u00bb. Au ap\u0103rut studii ce scot \u00een eviden\u0163\u0103 semnifica\u0163ia ac\u0163iunii interna\u0163ionale a unor OING precum&nbsp;<strong>Amnesty International<\/strong>(s-a f\u0103cut sim\u0163it\u0103 \u00een MDA, dup\u0103 7 aprilie curent), Human Rights Watch,&nbsp;<strong>Greenpeace<\/strong>, Medecins sans Frontieres, transparency International (\u015fi \u00een MDA). \u00cen aceast\u0103 categorie intr\u0103 structuri ecleziastice precum Biserica Catolic\u0103, sau funda\u0163iile asociate partidelor politice Americane sau germane (Pro Marshall Foundation, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, etc). Tot \u00een categoria OING intr\u0103&nbsp;<strong>asocia\u0163iile profesionale interna\u0163ionale<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2014 Comitetul Interna\u0163ional Olimpic, sau federa\u0163iile sportive interna\u0163ionale.<strong>Corpora\u0163iile Trans-Na\u0163ionale(CTN<\/strong>)=companii ce de\u0163in sucursale sau subsidiare \u00een afara \u0163\u0103rii de origine. Alte defini\u0163ii presupun \u00abdiviziunea interna\u0163ional\u0103 a muncii\u00bb intrafirm\u0103 drept caracteristic\u0103 definitorie a CTN; altele se str\u0103duie a le diferen\u0163ia de corpora\u0163iile multina\u0163ionale, care se presupune c\u0103 vor s\u0103 deconcentreze produc\u0163ia \u00een m\/m \u0163\u0103ri sau regiuni.Ponderea acestora \u00een economia mondial\u0103 este deosebit de mare, iar pt RI devin&nbsp;<strong>instrumentele principale ale procesului de globalizare.<\/strong>&nbsp;[Lista poate fi completat\u0103 cu:&nbsp;<strong><em>grup\u0103rile teroriste<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;-ETA, IRA, Hesbollah,&nbsp;<strong><em>grupurile criminalit\u0103\u0163ii organizate<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;\u2014 cartelele de droguri, trafican\u0163ii de persoane,&nbsp;<strong><em>mi\u015fc\u0103rile de gheril\u0103, elib.na\u0163ional\u0103 \u2014<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;PLO].<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Teza potrivit c\u0103reia statul este unicul actor semnificativ \u00een RI a fost o constant\u0103 a teoretiz\u0103rilor realiste, mai vechi sau mai noi. De-a lungul timpului, realismul a fost criticat pentru&nbsp;statocentrismul&nbsp;lui. Schimb\u0103rile \u00een cadrul RI au influen\u0163at, desigur, teoretiz\u0103rile asupra actorilor.Se poate aprecia c\u0103&nbsp;monopolul&nbsp;conferit statului de c\u0103tre reali\u015fti&nbsp;a intrat \u00eentr-o faz\u0103 de&nbsp;contestare sistematic\u0103, mai ales \u00eencep\u00e2nd [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89145"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=89145"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89145\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=89145"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=89145"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=89145"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}