{"id":89113,"date":"2018-02-18T10:23:00","date_gmt":"2018-02-18T10:23:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-01-06T20:32:04","modified_gmt":"2023-01-06T20:32:04","slug":"razboiul-de-independenta-coloniilor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/2018\/02\/18\/razboiul-de-independenta-coloniilor\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u0103zboiul de independen\u0163\u0103 a coloniilor engleze din America de Nord \u015fi formarea SUA."},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><h3 class=\"post-title entry-title\" itemprop=\"headline\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; position: relative;\"><\/h3>\n<div class=\"post-body entry-content\" id=\"post-body-102905642685387648\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 615px;\">\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Necesitatea de a lichida rela\u0163iile economice \u015fi formele de proprietate \u00eenvechite, sistemul&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">politic,&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">care ap\u0103ra aceste rela\u0163ii, formarea noii na\u0163iuni nord-americane \u015fi&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/universfulger.blogspot.com\/upta\" style=\"color: #ee5307; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">l<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black;\">upta<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">pentru un stat independent au fost, \u00een esen\u0163\u0103, principalele cauze ale r\u0103zboiului de independent\u0103, ale primei revolu\u0163ii din coloniile engleze din America de Nord. \u00cen<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">prim\u0103vara anului&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">1775&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">au \u00eenceput ac\u0163iunile militare deschise \u00eentre colonii \u015fi metropol\u0103. Administra\u0163ia englez\u0103 considera c\u0103 \u00eens\u0103\u015fi prezen\u0163a armatei engleze \u00eei va tempera pe coloni\u015fti. Exper\u0163ii britanici erau de p\u0103rere c\u0103, \u00een caz de conflict, coloni\u015ftii vor fi \u00eenvin\u015fi. La prima vedere, prezicerea lor era just\u0103. Coloni\u015ftii n-aveau nici un ora\u015f fortificat, nici un regiment disciplinat, nici un vas de r\u0103zboi, nu d<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">is<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">puneau de finan\u0163ele necesare, nu aveau alia\u0163i. A\u015fa c\u0103 din punct de vedere militar \u015fi financiar metropola era \u00een avantaj indiscutabil.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/optdolari.blogspot.ca\/2011\/03\/razboiul-de-independenta-coloniilor.html\" name=\"more\" style=\"color: #ee5307; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;\"><\/a>Pe l\u00eeng\u0103 aceasta, dac\u0103 Anglia \u00eenceta s\u0103 ocroteasc\u0103 coloniile, ele puteau fi atacate de alte puteri maritime din lume&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;Fran\u0163a, Spania, Olanda, care aveau interesele lor \u00een aceast\u0103 parte a lumii. Sub influen\u0163a acestei concep\u0163ii se aflau \u015fi loiali\u015ftii. Realitatea \u00eens\u0103 a fost alta. Afl\u00eend c\u0103 deta\u015famentele de voluntari se preg\u0103tise de lupt\u0103, guvernatorul coloniei&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Massachusetts,&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">generalul&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Gage,&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">a dat ordin for\u0163elor militare s\u0103 dezarmeze voluntarii \u015fi s\u0103 aresteze liderii patrio\u0163ilor de aici. \u00cen noaptea spre&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">18&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">aprilie&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">1775&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">solda\u0163ii englezi \u00een num\u0103r de&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">700&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">de oameni \u015f-au \u00eendreptat spre Concorde (aproape de Boston) pentru a captura arsenalul de armament al patrio\u0163ilor. Organiza\u0163ia local\u0103 a \u201eFiilor liberta\u0163ii&#8221; a dat alarma. L\u00eeng\u0103 Lexington la&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">6&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">km de Concorde, un deta\u015fament de voluntari a atacat for\u0163ele engleze, care totu\u015fi au reu\u015fit s\u0103 distrug\u0103 par\u0163ial arsenalul. Re\u00eentorc\u00eendu-se spre Boston, ele au fost din nou atacate de voluntari, care erau sprijini\u0163i de patrio\u0163ii sosi\u0163i din \u00eemprejurimi. For\u0163ele armate engleze au fost \u00eent\u0103rite cu un nou deta\u015fament. \u00cen ciocnirile armate de la&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Lexington&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">\u015fi Concorde englezii au fost \u00eenfr\u00een\u0163i, pierz\u00eend&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">273<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;de oameni (mor\u0163i, r\u0103ni\u0163i \u015fi prizonieri). Patrio\u0163ii au pierdut&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">95&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">de oameni. Aceste evenimente au alarmat \u00eentreaga popula\u0163ie din colonii. Pretutindeni patrio\u0163ii americani, organiza\u0163i \u00een deta\u015famente de voluntari, intr\u0103 \u00een lupt\u0103 cu trupele engleze, ocup\u0103 arsenalele militare, elibereaz\u0103 aresta\u0163ii, cuceresc unele fort\u0103re\u0163e la frontiera cu Canada. R\u0103zboiul de Independen\u0163\u0103 a \u00eenceput. Mersul evenimentelor a \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163it definitiv popula\u0163ia \u00een patrio\u0163i \u015fi loiali\u015fti, care au trecut de partea colonizatorilor. Astfel, odat\u0103 cu \u00eenceperea R\u0103zboiului de Independen\u0163\u0103, \u00een colonii s-a dezl\u0103n\u0163uit \u015fi r\u0103zboiul civil. \u00cen aceste condi\u0163ii, la&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">10&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">mai&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">1775<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;la Philadelphia \u015fi-a \u00eenceput lucr\u0103rile cel de-al&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">11-lea&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Congres continental, care \u00een timpul R\u0103zboiului de Independent\u0103 a jucat rolul de guvern central. La&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">15&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">iunie, Congresul a luat hot\u0103r\u00eerea despre organizarea armatei regulate, solda\u0163ii \u015fi ofi\u0163erii c\u0103reia erau pl\u0103ti\u0163i de Congres. A fost admis\u0103 \u015fi crearea \u00een unele colonii a unit\u0103\u0163ilor militare, care nu f\u0103ceau parte din armata regulat\u0103. Ele erau \u00eentre\u0163inute de Adun\u0103rile Legislative respective. A fost anun\u0163at\u0103 mobilizarea tuturor b\u0103rba\u0163ilor \u00een v\u00eerst\u0103 de&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">16-50<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;de&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">ani.&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">\u00cen calitate de comandant suprem al armatei americane Congresul l-a numit pe&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">George&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Washington. \u00cen scurt timp el organizeaz\u0103 armata american\u0103, care a fost capabil\u0103 s\u0103 asigure independen\u0163a coloniilor. Dup\u0103 terminarea r\u0103zboiului G. Washington a fost primul pre\u015fedinte al&nbsp;<strong>S.U<\/strong>.A. Pe bun\u0103 dreptate el e numit \u201ep\u0103rintele-\u00eentemeietor&#8221; al S.U.A. La 17 iunie 1775 coloni\u015ftii ob\u0163in o biruin\u0163\u0103 asupra englezilor la Bunker-Hill. Acest eveniment a influen\u0163at asupra acelor membri ai congresului, care p\u00een\u0103 acum \u015fov\u0103iau sau erau pe pozi\u0163ii liberale. Ei trec de partea revolu\u0163iei, \u00een schimb, al\u0163i membri ai congresului devin din ce \u00een ce mai mult adversari ai r\u0103zboiului de eliberare. Cur\u00eend dup\u0103 aceast\u0103 b\u0103t\u0103lie o grup\u0103 de delega\u0163i cu concep\u0163ii conservatoare au propus Congresului s\u0103 mai fac\u0103 o \u00eencercare de aplanare a conflictului cu Anglia prin trimiterea la Londra a \u201ePeti\u0163iei ramurii de m\u0103slin&#8221;. A\u015ftept\u0103rile au fost \u00eens\u0103 zadarnice. Astfel, ruperea rela\u0163iilor cu Anglia devenise o realitate. \u00een fa\u0163a coloni\u015ftilor apare complicata problem\u0103 privind viitorul statul al celor&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">13&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">colonii. Mersul evenimentelor&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">\u2014&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">lupta armat\u0103 \u00eempotriva metropolei \u015fi interesele revolu\u0163iei cereau logic ob\u0163inerea independentei \u015fi formarea unui stat neatirnat. Ca \u015fi mai \u00eenainte, tory erau \u00eempotriva independen\u0163ei. Aceast\u0103 lupt\u0103 a fost sus\u0163inut\u0103 \u015fi de for\u0163ele progresiste din metropol\u0103. Un mare ajutor l-au primit for\u0163ele patriotice americane din partea englezului&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Thomas&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Paine&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">(1737-1809).&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Acest iluminist democrat-revolu\u0163ionar, om politic \u015fi publicist, a sosit \u00een America de Nord \u00een&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">1774.&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">El&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">par<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">ticip\u0103 activ la R\u0103zboiul de Independen\u0163\u0103. \u00centre timp, englezii \u00ee\u015fi \u00eente\u0163esc lupta \u00eempotriva coloniilor. Preg\u0103tesc noi for\u0163e militare pentru a le trimite \u00een America de Nord, blocheaz\u0103 cu flota litoralul american. Aceast\u0103 politic\u0103 \u00eei oblig\u0103 pe americani s\u0103 faci pasul hot\u0103ritor pe calea luptei de independen\u0163\u0103, \u00een toate coloniile au fost create republici independente, s-au format guverne revolu\u0163ionare. Ele au elaborat constitu\u0163iile lor care au l\u0103rgit drepturile democratice ale popula\u0163iei. La&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">15&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">mai&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">1776&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Congresul continental a sanc\u0163ionat aceste transform\u0103ri. Actul hot\u0103ritor \u00een rela\u0163iile anglo- americane a avut loc la&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">4&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">iulie&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">1776<\/span><\/strong><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">prin aprobarea de c\u0103tre Congresul continental a renumitei Declara\u0163ii de independent\u0103. Declara\u0163ia de independent\u0103 a fost elaborat\u0103 de o comisie special\u0103, din care a f\u0103cut parte \u015fi&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Thomas<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Jefferson &#8211;&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">autorul textului Declara\u0163iei, B.Franklin.&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">J.Adams&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">\u015f. a. Ea reflecta ideile iluminismului francez, filosofiei engleze din sec. XVII, g\u00eendirii protestante \u015fi experien\u0163a democratic\u0103 din colonii, baz\u00eendu-se mai ales pe teoria \u201edreptului<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">natural&#8221;. &#8220;Noi consider\u0103m ca evidente, &#8211; se men\u0163ioneaz\u0103 \u00een Declara\u0163ie, &#8211; urm\u0103toarele adev\u0103ruri: to\u0163i oamenii au fost crea\u0163i egali \u015fi ei cu to\u0163ii s\u00eent \u00eenzestra\u0163i de c\u0103tre Creatorul lor cu unele drepturi inalienabile. Din num\u0103rul acestor drepturi fac parte<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;viata, libertatea \u015fi n\u0103zuin\u0163a spre fericire. Pentru asigurarea acestor drepturi se instituie guvernul. De fiecare dat\u0103, c\u00eend forma de guvern\u0103m\u00eent \u00eencepe s\u0103 contravin\u0103 acestor scopuri, poporul are dreptul de a o schimba sau nimici \u015fi de a institui un nou&nbsp;<strong>guvern&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/strong>Declara\u0163ia proclama principiul suveranit\u0103\u0163ii poporului ca baz\u0103 a or\u00eenduirii de stat, recuno\u015ftea dreptul poporului de a se r\u0103scula \u00eempotriva asupririi. Eviden\u0163iind \u015fi condamn\u00eend politica de tiranie a regelui \u015fi parlamentului englez, \u00eenf\u0103ptuit\u0103 \u00een colonii, Declara\u0163ia anun\u0163a lumea \u00eentreag\u0103 despre hot\u0103r\u00eerea fostelor colonii de a rupe leg\u0103turile cu Anglia \u015fi de a forma un stat nou independent sub denumirea de Statele Unite ale Americii. Declara\u0163ia de independen\u0163\u0103 a fost salutat\u0103 cu entuziasm de poporul american. Ziua de&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">4&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">iulie&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">1776&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">a fost proclamat\u0103 s\u0103rb\u0103toare na\u0163ional\u0103 a poporului american. Declara\u0163ia de independent\u0103 a fost, \u00een esen\u0163\u0103, prima \u00een lume declara\u0163ie a drepturilor omului. Ea proclama libert\u0103\u0163ile democratice fundamentale, egalitatea cet\u0103\u0163enilor, lichidarea privilegiilor de clas\u0103, libertatea con\u015ftiin\u0163ei \u015fi altele \u015fi a servit drept prototip pentru \u201eDeclara\u0163ia Drepturilor Omului \u015fi ale Cet\u0103\u0163eanului&#8221;, proclamat\u0103 \u00een timpul Revolu\u0163iei franceze de la sf\u00eer\u015fitul secolului XVIII. Prin aceasta se explic\u0103 influenta ei puternic\u0103 asupra mi\u015fc\u0103rilor de eliberare din Europa \u015fi alte colturi ale lumii. Principiile acestei Declara\u0163ii s\u00eent actuale \u015fi \u00een zilele noastre. Congresul continental a aprobat \u00een noiembrie&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 19.5px;\">1777&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">prima constitu\u0163ie a Statelor Unite ale Americii, care a primit denumirea de \u201eArticolele Confedera\u0163iei&#8221;. Datorit\u0103 prezen\u0163ei unor puternice tendin\u0163e separatiste, acest document&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">constitutional&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">n-a fost recunoscut imediat de c\u0103tre toate cele&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 19.5px;\">13&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">state americane. De aceea el a intrat \u00een vigoare numai la 1 martie&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 19.5px;\">1781,&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">c\u00eend a aderat la confedera\u0163ie statul&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Maryland,&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">care p\u00een\u0103 acum ocupase o pozi\u0163ie separatist\u0103. &#8220;Articolelc Confedera\u0163iei&#8221; creau numai o slab\u0103 uniune a statelor, deoarece ele p\u0103strau independenta lor deplin\u0103 \u00een treburile interne. Func\u0163iile de guvern al Statelor Unite ale Americii le \u00eendeplinea Comitetul statelor, cu \u00eemputerniciri extrem de m\u0103rginite. Hot\u0103r\u00eerile lui erau de fapt recomand\u0103ri, a c\u0103ror \u00eenf\u0103ptuire depindea de voin\u0163a statelor. De fapt, \u201eArticolele Confedera\u0163iei&#8221; a fost prima \u00eencercare de elaborare a constitu\u0163iei Statelor Unite. Ele au contribuit la coeziunea for\u0163elor patriotice \u00een lupta pentru libertate. \u00cen timpul R\u0103zboiului de Independent\u0103 \u00een colonii se desf\u0103\u015fura \u015fi prima revolu\u0163ie american\u0103, care cuprinsese toate sferele vie\u0163ii. Formarea statelor independente cu organe constitu\u0163ionale, proclamarea \u00een majoritatea statelor a libert\u0103\u0163ilor democratice, mic\u015forarea censului de avere la alegeri, subordonarea puterii executive celei legislative \u015fi altele ne vorbesc despre transform\u0103rile politice, care aveau loc \u00een timpul revolu\u0163iei. Dar soarta revolu\u0163iei se hot\u0103ra pe front. \u00cen primii ani ai R\u0103zboiului de Independen\u0163\u0103 armata american\u0103, \u00eent\u00eelnind mari greut\u0103\u0163i, a fost nevoit\u0103 s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 tactica defensiv\u0103. A e\u015fuat \u00eencercarea armatei americane de a p\u0103trunde \u00een Canada pentru a o folosi \u00een lupta cu englezii \u015fi, eventual, de a o \u00eencadra \u00een Confedera\u0163ia Statelor, Unite. Armatele engleze din Sud, comandate de generalul&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Howe,&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">c\u00ee\u015ftig\u0103 c\u00eeteva b\u0103t\u0103lii \u015fi reu\u015fesc s\u0103 ocupe temporar ora\u015fele New York \u015fi Philadelphia. Situa\u0163ia militar\u0103 a americanilor se \u00eenr\u0103ut\u0103\u0163ise \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu r\u0103zboiul civil, dezl\u0103n\u0163uit de loiali\u015fti, ale c\u0103ror for\u0163e crescuser\u0103 p\u00een\u0103 la&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">50 000&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">de oameni. \u00cen aceste condi\u0163ii patrio\u0163ii americani au apelat la lupta de partizani, care cap\u0103t\u0103 o mare amploare. \u00cen mersul R\u0103zboiului de Independent\u0103 armata american\u0103 a elaborat o nou\u0103 tactic\u0103 de lupt\u0103 (\u00een forma\u0163iune de tr\u0103g\u0103tori). Un rol \u00eensemnat a \u00eenceput s\u0103-l joace t\u00een\u0103ra flot\u0103 american\u0103, care folosea pe larg \u00een lupta cu englezii metodele de piraterie. \u00cencep\u00eend cu anul&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 19.5px;\">1777&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">armata american\u0103 a \u00eentreprins un \u015fir de ac\u0163iuni ofensive \u00eempotriva adversarilor. Teatrul principal de lupt\u0103 era Noua Anglie. Aici au sosit din Canada noi unit\u0103\u0163i militare engleze. La&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 19.5px;\">19&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">octombrie&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 19.5px;\">1777&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">americanii ob\u0163in o str\u0103lucit\u0103 victorie \u00een b\u0103t\u0103lia de la&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Saratoga.&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Ea a ridicat moralul armatei americane \u015fi a insuflat lupt\u0103torilor pentru libertate \u00eencrederea \u00een victoria cauzei lor nobile. Victoria de la&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Saratoga&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">a schimbat cursul r\u0103zboiului \u00een favoarea americanilor. Un rol important \u00een soarta r\u0103zboiului l-a jucat situa\u0163ia interna\u0163ional\u0103, favorabil\u0103 S.U.A. Folosind contradic\u0163iile dintre \u0163\u0103rile coloniale din Europa, diploma\u0163ia american\u0103 a reu\u015fit sa atrag\u0103 \u00een r\u0103zboi rivalii Angliei. \u00cen februarie&nbsp;<strong><span style=\"font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;\">1778&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong>Fran\u0163a feudal-absolutist\u0103 a lui Ludovic al XVI-lea, sper\u00eend s\u0103 recucereasc\u0103 teritoriile pierdute \u00een r\u0103zboiul de&nbsp;<strong><span style=\"font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;\">7&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong>ani, mai ales Canada, \u015fi stimulat\u0103 de entuziasmul public, \u00eencheie un tratat \u0441\u043emercial \u015fi de alian\u0163\u0103 cu S.U.A. iar apoi intr\u0103 \u00een r\u0103zboi \u00eempotriva Angliei. Pentru Fran\u0163a Vechiului Regim acesta a fost un act nes\u0103buit. El a ad\u00eencit criza ei financiar\u0103, iar sub influenta revolu\u0163iei americane, le-a oferit francezilor imaginea unei republici victorioase \u015fi le-a infiltrat idei antifeudale \u015fi antiabsolutiste. Flota francez\u0103 ob\u0163ine c\u00eeteva victorii. O mare important\u0103 pentru americani a avut-o lupta naval\u0103 de la&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Chesapeake.<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;\u00cen S.U.A. a sosit un corp&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">expedi<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">\u0163<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">ion<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">ar de&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">33&nbsp;<strong>000&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">de francezi, care lupta al\u0103turi de solda\u0163ii \u015fi partizanii americani contra englezilor. Cu acelea\u015fi scopuri au intrat \u00een r\u0103zboi \u00eempotriva Angliei rivalii ei&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">\u2014&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Spania&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">(1779)&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">\u015fi Olanda&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">(1781).&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Un rol pozitiv pentru americani l-a jucat pozi\u0163ia Rusiei \u0163ariste \u00een anul&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">1780&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">ea s-a situat \u00een fruntea Ligii \u0163\u0103rilor&#8221; neutre ce au proclamat neutralitatea maritim\u0103 armat\u0103, la care au aderat mai multe \u0163\u0103ri europene. Aceast\u0103 neutralitate maritim\u0103 a spart blocada englez\u0103 a \u0163\u0103rmurilor S.U.A., u\u015fur\u00eend cu mult situa\u0163ia americanilor. De partea patrio\u0163ilor americani a fost \u015fi solidaritatea for\u0163elor progresiste din Europa. Francezii La&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Fayette, Saint-Simon,&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">polonezul Kosciuszko \u015fi al\u0163ii au luat parte direct\u0103 la R\u0103zboiul de Independen\u0163\u0103. Au e\u015fuat manevrele diplomatice&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">ate&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Angliei de a aplana conflictul cu americanii prin concesii neesen\u0163iale din partea ei, precum \u015fi de a implica Rusia \u00een r\u0103zboi contra S.U.A. De partea englezilor au luptat numai mercenari din trei principate germane, mai ales din Hessa. Astfel. Marea Britanie a fost de fapt izolat\u0103 \u015fi lipsit\u0103 de suprema\u0163ia absolut\u0103 pe mare. In asemenea condi\u0163ii, soarta r\u0103zboiului a fost hot\u0103r\u00eet\u0103. La \u00eenceputul anului&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">1781,&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">armata american\u0103, comandat\u0103 de generalul&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Greene,&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">sprijinit\u0103 de deta\u015famentele de partizani, a ob\u0163inut la sudul S.U.A. c\u00eeteva victorii asupra armatei engleze, iar la&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">19&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">octombrie,&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">1781,&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">aceast\u0103 armat\u0103, comandat\u0103 de generalul Cornwallis, fiind \u00eencercuit\u0103 de armatele americano-franceze, a capitulat la Yorktown. Sub influenta partizanilor \u00eencet\u0103rii r\u0103zboiului \u015fi \u00een primul r\u00eend a opiniei engleze progresiste, guvernul englez a fost de acord s\u0103 \u00eenceap\u0103 tratative de pace cu S.U.A. Ele au avut loc \u00een decursul anilor&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">1782-1783&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">la&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Versailles.&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">La&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">30&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">noiembrie&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">1782&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">a fost semnat\u0103 pacea preliminar\u0103, iar la&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">3&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">septembrie&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">1783 &#8211;<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">pacea definitiv\u0103, conform c\u0103reia Anglia recuno\u015ftea independen\u0163a S.U.A. ced\u00eendu-le teritoriul de la mun\u0163ii&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Alleghany<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;p\u00een\u0103 la r\u00eeul Mississippi. Frontiera de nord a noului stat era Canada, iar cea de sud &#8211; Florida. La r\u00eendul s\u0103u Congresul american se obliga s\u0103 recomande celor&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">13&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">state s\u0103 achite comercian\u0163ilor englezi datoriile antebelice \u015fi s\u0103 compenseze proprietatea confiscat\u0103 de la tory &#8211; loiali\u015fti. Anglia restituia Spaniei&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Minorca<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;\u015fi Florida. Fran\u0163ei &#8211;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;Saint-Pierre<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">&nbsp;\u015fi Miguelon,&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Santa-Lucia, Tobago,<\/span><span style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">Goreea \u015fi Senegalul. Pentru Anglia aceast\u0103 pace a fost umilitoare, iar pentru Fran\u0163a o revan\u015f\u0103 pentru tratatul de la Paris din&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; line-height: 19.5px;\">1763.<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Necesitatea de a lichida rela\u0163iile economice \u015fi formele de proprietate \u00eenvechite, sistemul&nbsp;politic,&nbsp;care ap\u0103ra aceste rela\u0163ii, formarea noii na\u0163iuni nord-americane \u015fi&nbsp;lupta&nbsp;pentru un stat independent au fost, \u00een esen\u0163\u0103, principalele cauze ale r\u0103zboiului de independent\u0103, ale primei revolu\u0163ii din coloniile engleze din America de Nord. \u00cen&nbsp;prim\u0103vara anului&nbsp;1775&nbsp;au \u00eenceput ac\u0163iunile militare deschise \u00eentre colonii \u015fi metropol\u0103. Administra\u0163ia englez\u0103 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89113"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=89113"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89113\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=89113"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=89113"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=89113"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}