{"id":88479,"date":"2018-02-21T19:06:00","date_gmt":"2018-02-21T19:06:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-01-06T20:28:13","modified_gmt":"2023-01-06T20:28:13","slug":"crimele-impotriva-umanitatii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/2018\/02\/21\/crimele-impotriva-umanitatii\/","title":{"rendered":"Crimele \u00eempotriva umanit\u0103\u0163ii."},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><h3 class=\"post-title entry-title\" itemprop=\"headline\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; position: relative;\"><\/h3>\n<div class=\"post-body entry-content\" id=\"post-body-2491142779292595464\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 615px;\">\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">1.&nbsp;<i>Conceptul de crime \u00eempotriva umanit\u0103\u0163ii.<\/i>Crimele contra umanit\u0103\u0163ii sunt definite ca fapte grave de violen\u0163\u0103, comise pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 de c\u0103tre indivizi, fie c\u0103 ace\u015ftia sunt sau nu agen\u0163i ai statului, \u00eempotriva altor indivizi \u00eentr-un scop esen\u0163ialmente politic, ideologic, rasial, na\u0163ional, etnic sau religios.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Crimele contra umanit\u0103\u0163ii au ap\u0103rut \u00een cadrul dreptului interna\u0163ional penal dup\u0103 al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial, ca o reac\u0163ie la atrocit\u0103\u0163ile s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fite de c\u0103tre nazi\u015ftii germani \u015fi militari\u015ftii japonezi, \u00een teritoriile ocupate, \u00eempotriva popula\u0163iei locale \u015fi, \u00een cadrul lag\u0103relor de exterminare, a unor categorii largi de persoane pe motive na\u0163ionale, etnice sau rasiale.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ele au figurat pentru prima oar\u0103 \u00een actele constitutive ale tribunalelor de la N\u00fcrenberg \u015fi Tokio. Ulterior, alte acte politico-juridice interna\u0163ionale au interzis fapte ce se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00een conceptul de crime \u00eempotriva umanit\u0103\u0163ii. Printre acestea sunt de men\u0163ionat:<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -Conventia din 1948 pentru prevenirea \u015fi reprimarea crimei de genocid;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -Declara\u0163ia Na\u0163iunilor Unite asupra interzicerii utiliz\u0103rii armelor nucleare \u015fi termonucleare, adoptat\u0103 prin Rezolu\u0163ia Adun\u0103rii Generale a O.N.U. nr. 1653 (XVI) din 24 noiembrie 1961;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -Conven\u0163ia din 1973 asupra elimin\u0103rii \u015fi reprim\u0103rii crimei de apartheid;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -Declara\u0163ia asupra protec\u0163iei oric\u0103rei persoane\u00eempotriva dispari\u0163iilor for\u0163ate (Rezolu\u0163ia Adun\u0103rii Generale a O.N.U. nr. 47\/133 din 18 decembrie 1992);<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -Statutele tribunalelor interna\u0163ionale penale pentru fosta Iugoslavie, respectiv pentru Ruanda, precum \u015fi Statutul Cur\u0163ii Penale Interna\u0163ionale.<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blogger.g?blogID=4202955034125599721\" name=\"more\" style=\"color: #ee5307; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Din coroborarea con\u0163inutului diverselor conven\u0163ii sau al altor instrumente politico-juridice interna\u0163ionale, rezult\u0103 c\u0103 fac parte din categoria crimelor \u00eempotriva umanit\u0103\u0163ii urm\u0103toarele fapte:<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a) Asasinatul (omorul inten\u0163ionat);<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b) Exterminarea;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c) Aducerea \u00een sclavie sau obligarea la munc\u0103 for\u0163at\u0103;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d) Deportarea, inclusiv epurarea etnic\u0103;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; e) Expulz\u0103rile for\u0163ate;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; f) Orice alte acte inumane \u00eempotriva oric\u0103rei popula\u0163ii civile (tortura, violul, lipsirea de libertate etc);<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; g) Persecu\u0163iile pentru motive politice, rasiale sau religioase;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; h) Practica sistematic\u0103 a dispari\u0163iilor for\u0163ate;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i) Folosirea armelor nucleare \u015fi a aaltor tipuri de arme de distrugere \u00een mas\u0103;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; j) Genocidul;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; k) Apartheidul.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Se poate observa c\u0103 unele dintre faptele ce se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00een categoria crimelor \u00eempotriva umanit\u0103\u0163ii figureaz\u0103 \u015fi printre infrac\u0163iunile clasice de drept comun (omorul, tortura, violul, lipsirea de libertate, obligarea la munc\u0103 for\u0163at\u0103 etc.).<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Crimele \u00eempotriva umanit\u0103\u0163ii se deosebesc, \u00eens\u0103, de infrac\u0163iunile de drept comun prin unele tr\u0103s\u0103turi proprii, \u00een special prin gravitatea deosebit\u0103, caracterul de mas\u0103 \u015fi mobilul s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015firii lor.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Gravitatea deosebit\u0103<\/i>&nbsp;a crimelor \u00eempotriva umanit\u0103\u0163ii este exprimat\u0103 de aceea c\u0103 prin asemenea fapte se aduc atingeri importante vie\u0163ii, integrit\u0103\u0163ii corporale fizice \u015fi mentale, valori supreme ale fiin\u0163ei umane, \u00eentr-un mod care pune \u00een pericol existen\u0163a biologic\u0103 a mai multor persoane, faptele grave de natura crimelor \u00eempotriva umanit\u0103\u0163ii fiind expresia unor palnuri concertate, ele constituind ac\u0163iuni premeditate de anvergur\u0103.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Caracterul de mas\u0103&nbsp;<\/i>al crimelor \u00eempotriva umanit\u0103\u0163ii se manifest\u0103 prin num\u0103rul mare de victime pe care acestea le produc, asemenea crime fiind \u00eendreptate \u00eempotriva popula\u0163iei civile ca atare, nu a unor indivizi, fie c\u0103 se refer\u0103 la o mas\u0103 amorf\u0103 de indivizi, fie c\u0103 lezarea prive\u015fte anumite grupuri, constituite \u00een baza unor criterii precise care le delimiteaz\u0103 de popula\u0163ia civil\u0103 \u00een general.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Mobilul s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015firii<\/i>&nbsp;crimelor \u00eempotriva umanit\u0103\u0163ii \u00eel constituie, de regul\u0103, o politic\u0103 deliberat\u0103 \u015fi urm\u0103rit\u0103 consecvent pentru reprimarea, persecutarea sau exterminarea unor grupuri de oameni, fie pentru c\u0103 acestea ar constitui un pericol actual sau poten\u0163ial pentru cei ce ini\u0163iaz\u0103 asemenea fapte ori le s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fesc, fie \u00een baza unor convingeri, de regul\u0103, cu caracter extremist, de natur\u0103 ideologic\u0103, etnic\u0103 sau religioas\u0103, ale autorilor sau inspiratorilor faptelor respective.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; La incriminarea \u00een concret a unor fapte de natura crimelor \u00eempotriva umanit\u0103\u0163ii, una sau alta dintre tr\u0103s\u0103turile care le caracterizeaz\u0103 poate s\u0103 prevaleze, dar, de regul\u0103, cele trei tr\u0103s\u0103turi trebuie s\u0103 fie \u00eentrunite cumulativ.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Genocidul<\/i><\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Crima de genocid este una dintre cele mai grave fapte penale incriminate potrivit dreptului interna\u0163ional. Ea const\u0103 \u00een distrugerea sau persecutarea unor grupuri umane constituite ca entit\u0103\u0163i nationale, etnice, rasiale sau religioase.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Conven\u0163ia din 1948 pentru prevenirea \u015fi reprimarea crimei de genocid prevede in acest sens, \u00een art. I, urm\u0103toarele: \u201e P\u0103r\u0163ile contractante confirm\u0103 c\u0103 genocidul, fie c\u0103 este comis \u00een timp de pace sau \u00een timp de r\u0103zboi, este o crim\u0103 interna\u0163ional\u0103, pe care ele se angajeaz\u0103 s\u0103 o previn\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 o pedepseasc\u0103\u201d.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Potrivit art. II al Conven\u0163iei din 1948, genocidul const\u0103 \u00eentr-unul din actele enumerate \u00een continuare, s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fit cu inten\u0163ia de a distruge total sau par\u0163ial un grup na\u0163ional, etnic, rasial sau religios ca atare:<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a) Uciderea membrilor grupului;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b) Atingerea grav\u0103 a integrit\u0103\u0163ii fizice sau mentale a membrilor grupului;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c) Supunerea inten\u0163ionat\u0103 a grupului la condi\u0163ii de existen\u0163\u0103 care antreneaz\u0103 \u00een mod necesar distrugerea sa fizic\u0103 total\u0103 sau par\u0163ial\u0103;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d) M\u0103surile viz\u00e2nd \u00eempiedicarea na\u015fterilor \u00een s\u00e2nul grupului;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; e) Transferul for\u0163at dintr-un grup \u00een alt grup.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Analiza defini\u0163iei genocidului eviden\u0163iaz\u0103 c\u00e2teva elemente semnificative pentru fizionomia juridic\u0103 a acestei crime interna\u0163ionale.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Genocidul este caracterizat in primul r\u00e2nd prin inten\u0163ia de a distruge un grup uman, \u00een baza unor criterii. Prin acest element genocidul se particularizeaz\u0103 \u00een raport cu celelalte crime \u00eempotriva umanit\u0103\u0163ii, ap\u0103r\u00e2nd ca un caz agravat, calificat, de crim\u0103 \u00eempotriva umanit\u0103\u0163ii.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Inten\u0163ia calificat\u0103 a autorului unei crime de genocid este de a distruge, fie \u00een totalitate, fie par\u0163ial, un anumit grup uman. Nu este, prin urmare, necesar, pentru a exista o crim\u0103 de genocid, ca prin fapta s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fit\u0103 s\u0103 se distrug\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna \u00een \u00eentregime un grup uman, uneori a\u015fa ceva fiind chiar imposibil, dac\u0103 se are \u00een vedere num\u0103rul adesea imens al indivizilor care compun un asemenea grup. Distrugerea&nbsp; par\u0163ial\u0103 a grupului ca inten\u0163ie sau ca realizare \u00een fapt este \u00een aceea\u015fi m\u0103sur\u0103 o condi\u0163ie suficient\u0103 pentru existen\u0163a infrac\u0163iunii de genocid, ca \u015fi distrugerea integral\u0103.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Conven\u0163ia din 1948 enumer\u0103 prrintre categoriile de persoane protejate \u00eempotriva actelor de genocid grupurile na\u0163ionale, etnice, rasiale sau religioase.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; La elaborarea conven\u0163iei, s-a ridicat problema dac\u0103 nu ar fi nacesar ca, al\u0103turi de cele patru categorii, s\u0103 figureze \u015fi alte grupuri umane care de-a lungul istoriei au format obiectul unor acterde reprim\u0103ri masive cu inten\u0163ii de lichidare, cum ar fi grup\u0103rile politice, sau dac\u0103 nu ar trebui incriminat \u015fi genocidul cultural sau ecocidul, dar pentru diverse motive compromisul realizat \u00een definirea genocidului a exclus asemenea elemente.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Conven\u0163ia din 1948 prevede \u00een art. III c\u0103 vor fi pedepsite actele de genocid dar \u015fi \u00een\u0163elegerea \u00een vederea&nbsp; comiterii genocidului, incitarea direct\u0103 \u015fi public\u0103, precum \u015fi complicitatea la comiterea genocidului, ca \u015fi tentativa de a comite acte de genocid.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Art. IV al aceleia\u015fi conven\u0163ii prevede c\u0103 persoanele care au comis genocidul, deci autorii faptelor, cei ce comploteaz\u0103 \u00een scopul comiterii unor asemenea acte, instigatorii \u015fi complicii, precum \u015fi cei care \u00eencearc\u0103&nbsp; s\u0103 comit\u0103 crima de genocid, vor fi pedepsi\u0163i indiferent de calitatea lor, guvernan\u0163i, func\u0163ionari ori particulari, pentru subiectele crimei de genocid neimpun\u00e2ndu-se o calificare a acestora \u00een sensul dreptului penal, o pozi\u0163ie special\u0103 \u00een raport de victim\u0103 sau de locul pe care \u00eel ocup\u0103 \u00een angrenajul social.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Conven\u0163ia din 1948 cuprinde \u00een art. V angajamentul statelor-p\u0103r\u0163i de a lua \u00een cadrul legisla\u0163iei lor interne m\u0103surile necesare&nbsp; pentru asigurarea aplic\u0103rii dispozi\u0163iilor conven\u0163iei \u015fi, \u00een mod deosebit, de a prevedea sanc\u0163iuni penale eficace care s\u0103 loveasc\u0103 persoanele vinovate de genocid sau de celelalte acte \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu genocidul (asocierea \u00een vederea comiterii faptei, instigarea, complicitatea, etc.).<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u00cen ce prive\u015fte judecarea crimei de genocid, Conventia prevede \u00een art. VI c\u0103 persoanele vinovate de genocid sau de o fapt\u0103 \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu acesta vor fi aduse \u00een fa\u0163a tribunalelor competente ale statului pe teritoriul c\u0103ruia s-a comis actul sau \u00een fa\u0163a unei cur\u0163i penale interna\u0163ionale. O asemenea curte penal\u0103 special\u0103 nu a fost niciodat\u0103 \u00eenfiin\u0163at\u0103, dar genocidul figureaz\u0103 \u00een prezent&nbsp; printre infrac\u0163iunile ce intr\u0103 \u00een competen\u0163a Cur\u0163ii Penale Interna\u0163ionale, \u00eenfiin\u0163at\u0103 \u00een 1998.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Se stabilea astfel o competen\u0163\u0103&nbsp; jurisdic\u0163ional\u0103 alternativ\u0103, a statelor pe teritoriul c\u0103rora s-a comis actul \u015fi a unei cur\u0163i penale interna\u0163ionale. Aceasta nu exclude, desigur, competen\u0163a \u015fi a altor state, \u00een conformitate cu principiul represiunii universale.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.&nbsp;<i>Apartheidul<\/i><\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\"><i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/i>Discriminarea rasial\u0103, unul din cele mai odioase aspecte ale discrimin\u0103rii \u00een defavoarea persoanei umane \u015fi a popoarelor, practicat\u0103 pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 de-a lungul&nbsp; istoriei, constituie ast\u0103zi o \u00eenc\u0103lcare grav\u0103 a principiilor \u015fi normelor de drept interna\u0163ional.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Prin numeroase declara\u0163ii \u015fi rezolu\u0163ii, \u00eentre care, Declara\u0163ia Na\u0163iunilor Unite asupra elimin\u0103rii oric\u0103ror forme de discriminare rasial\u0103, adptat\u0103 \u00een 1963, Adunarea General\u0103 a O.N.U. a afirmat \u00een mod solemn necesitatea de a se elimina rapid toate formele \u015fi toate manifest\u0103rile de discriminare rasial\u0103 \u00een toate p\u0103r\u0163ile lumii \u015fi de a se asigura protec\u0163ia \u015fi respectarea persoanei umane.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ca urmare, la 21 decembrie 1965, a fost adoptat\u0103 printr-o rezolu\u0163ie a Adun\u0103rii Generale a O.N.U. \u015fi deschis\u0103 spre semnare \u201e Conven\u0163ia interna\u0163ional\u0103 asupra elimin\u0103rii oric\u0103ror forme de discriminare rasial\u0103\u201d, \u00een cadrul; c\u0103reia statele p\u0103r\u0163i condamn\u0103 orice form\u0103 de discriminare, \u00een special segrega\u0163ia rasial\u0103 \u015fi apartheidul, \u015fi se angajeaz\u0103 s\u0103 previn\u0103, s\u0103 interzic\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 elimine pe teritoriul lor practicilede aceast\u0103 natur\u0103 prin toate mijloacele de care dispun, inclusiv prin incriminarea lor \u015fi luarea unor m\u0103suri de sanc\u0163ionare penal\u0103.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; La 30 noiembrie 1973, tot printr-o rezolu\u0163ie a Adun\u0103rii Generale a O.N.U. a fost adoptat\u0103 \u201e Conven\u0163ia interna\u0163ional\u0103 privind eliminarea \u015fi reprimarea crimei de apartheid\u201d, care a intrat \u00een vigoare \u00een 1976.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Potrivit acestei conven\u0163ii (art. 1) , apartheidul constituie o crim\u0103 \u00eempotriva umanit\u0103\u0163ii. Conven\u0163ia declar\u0103 \u00een mod expres criminale organiza\u0163iile, institu\u0163iile \u015fi persoanele care comit crima de apartheid, stipul\u00e2nd c\u0103 sunt pasibili de r\u0103spunderea penal\u0103 interna\u0163ional\u0103, indiferent care ar fi motivul faptelor lor, at\u00e2t persoanele considerate pur \u015fi simplu ca indivizi, c\u00e2t \u015fi membrii unor organiza\u0163ii \u015fi institu\u0163ii sau reprezentan\u0163ii statului, dac\u0103 ace\u015ftia comit una din faptele incriminate prin conven\u0163ie.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Crima de apartheid este definit\u0103 ca acte inumane comise cu scopul de a institui sau de a \u00eentre\u0163ine domina\u0163ia unui grup rasial de fiin\u0163e umane \u015fi de a oprima \u00een mod sistematic grupul respectiv, inclusiv politicile \u015fi practicile asem\u0103n\u0103toare , de segregare \u015fi discriminare rasial\u0103.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u00cen cuprinsul conven\u0163iei se enumer\u0103, limitativ, categoriile de acte inumane care constituie latura obiectiv\u0103 a crimei de aprtheid, dac\u0103 sunt s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fite \u00een condi\u0163iile \u015fi cu scopurile prev\u0103zute \u00een defini\u0163ia acesteia (art. 2):<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a) Refuzul, fa\u0163\u0103 de un membru sau de membrii unui grup rasial, al dreptului la via\u0163\u0103 \u015fi la libertate al persoanei umane prin recurgerea la unul din urm\u0103toarele acte: atentatul asupra vie\u0163ii, atingerea grav\u0103 a integrit\u0103\u0163ii fizice sau mentale, a libert\u0103\u0163ii ori a demnit\u0103\u0163ii sau supunerea la torturi, la pedepse ori tratamente cu cruzime, inumane sau degradante, precum \u015fi arestarea arbitrar\u0103 sau de\u0163inerea ilegal\u0103 a acestora;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b) Impunerea deliberat\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de un grup rasial a unor condi\u0163ii de via\u0163\u0103 destinate s\u0103 antreneze distrugerea lor fizic\u0103 total\u0103 sau par\u0163ial\u0103;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c)&nbsp; Luarea de m\u0103suri legislative sau de alt\u0103 natur\u0103, destinate s\u0103 \u00eempiedice un grup rasial s\u0103 participe la via\u0163a politic\u0103, social\u0103, economic\u0103 \u015fi cultural\u0103 a \u0163\u0103rii \u015fi s\u0103 creeze \u00een mod deliberat condi\u0163ii care s\u0103 \u00eempiedice dezvoltarea deplin\u0103 a grupului \u00een cauz\u0103, \u00een special prin privarea de libert\u0103\u0163ile \u015fi drepturile fundamentale ale omului;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d) Luarea de m\u0103suri, inclusiv de ordin legislativ, viz\u00e2nd divizarea popula\u0163iei dup\u0103 criterii rasiale, prin crearea de rezerva\u0163ii sau ghetouri separate pentru membrii grupurilor rasiale, interzicerea c\u0103l\u0103toriilor \u00eentre persoane apar\u0163in\u00e2nd unor grupuri rasiale diferite sau exproprierea bunurilor \u015fi a fondurilor apar\u0163in\u00e2nd unor asemenea grupuri sau membrilor acestora;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; e) Exploatarea muncii grupurilor rasiale, \u00eendeosebi prin supunerea lor la&nbsp; munc\u0103 for\u0163at\u0103;<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; f) Persecutarea organiza\u0163iilor sau a persoanelor prin privarea lor de libert\u0103\u0163i sau drepturi fundamentale pentru motivul c\u0103 se opun politicii de apartheid.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Statele p\u0103r\u0163i la conven\u0163ie se angajeaz\u0103 s\u0103 ia toate m\u0103surile, de ordin legislativ sau de alt\u0103 natur\u0103, necesare pentru a \u00eempiedica \u00eencurajarea \u00een orice mod a crimei de apartheid \u015fi a altor politici segrega\u0163ioniste asem\u0103n\u0103toare acesteia, ca \u015fi a practicilor de aceast\u0103 natur\u0103, precum \u015fi pentru a elimina orice asemenea \u00eencuraj\u0103ri.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; De asemenea, ele se angajeaz\u0103 s\u0103 urm\u0103reasc\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 pedepseasc\u0103 potrivit jurisdic\u0163iei proprii persoanele r\u0103spunz\u0103toare pentru s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015firea crimei de apratheid \u015fi s\u0103 ia m\u0103surile legislative, judiciare \u015fi administrative care se impun \u00een acest scop. Asemenea m\u0103suri trebuie s\u0103 fie luate&nbsp; de fiecare stat, indiferent dac\u0103 persoana care a comis o asemenea fapt\u0103 este cet\u0103\u0163ean al \u0163\u0103rii respective, este cet\u0103\u0163ean al altei \u0163\u0103ri, ori are statut de apatrid \u015fi indiferent dac\u0103 aceasta este rezident\u0103 sau nu pe teritoriul statului \u00een care s-au produs faptele.<\/div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Conven\u0163ia referitoare la la apartheid con\u0163ine o dispozi\u0163ie similar\u0103 celei din conventia referitoare la genocid \u00een ce prive\u015fte judecarea de c\u0103tre un tribunal penal interna\u0163ional cu o competen\u0163\u0103 special\u0103 pentru aceast\u0103 categorie special\u0103 de crime. Un asemenea tribunal nu a fost creat, dar apartheidul figureaz\u0103 printre crimele interna\u0163ionale cu care a fost investit\u0103 noua Curte Penal\u0103 Interna\u0163ional\u0103.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1.&nbsp;Conceptul de crime \u00eempotriva umanit\u0103\u0163ii.Crimele contra umanit\u0103\u0163ii sunt definite ca fapte grave de violen\u0163\u0103, comise pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 de c\u0103tre indivizi, fie c\u0103 ace\u015ftia sunt sau nu agen\u0163i ai statului, \u00eempotriva altor indivizi \u00eentr-un scop esen\u0163ialmente politic, ideologic, rasial, na\u0163ional, etnic sau religios. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Crimele contra umanit\u0103\u0163ii au ap\u0103rut \u00een cadrul dreptului interna\u0163ional penal dup\u0103 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88479"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=88479"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88479\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=88479"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=88479"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=88479"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}