{"id":88474,"date":"2018-02-21T19:11:00","date_gmt":"2018-02-21T19:11:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-01-06T20:28:09","modified_gmt":"2023-01-06T20:28:09","slug":"sistemul-bancar-al-statelor-unite-ale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/2018\/02\/21\/sistemul-bancar-al-statelor-unite-ale\/","title":{"rendered":"Sistemul bancar al Statelor Unite ale Americii."},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>

<\/h3>\n
\n
Sistemul bancar al S.U.A. este determinat \u00een acela\u015fi timp de structura federal\u0103 a \u0163\u0103rii (factor de descentralizare) \u015fi de legisla\u0163ia care a rezultat \u00een urma crizei din 1929 (factor de specializare).<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00cen prezent sistemul bancar american are o structur\u0103 primordial\u0103, av\u00e2nd la v\u00e2rf sistemul federal de rezerv\u0103 \u015fi organismele federale.<\/span><\/div>\n
Federal Reserve System este alc\u0103tuit din 12 b\u0103nci federale corespunz\u0103toare celor 12 districte \u015fi este condus de Consiliul Guvernatorilor, alc\u0103tuit din 7 persoane numite de pre\u015fedinte, pe o durat\u0103 de 14 ani.<\/span><\/div>\n
Func\u0163iile celor 12 b\u0103nci federale sunt:<\/span><\/div>\n
– emisiunea monetar\u0103 \u00een district (\u00een realitate bancnotele circul\u00e2nd pe \u00eentregul teritoriu federal)<\/span><\/div>\n
– creditarea b\u0103ncilor comerciale: compensarea cecurilor \u015fi a altor titluri de credit ale b\u0103ncilor membre \u2013 fixarea ratei scontului<\/span><\/div>\n
– opera\u0163iuni de open market.<\/span><\/div>\n
Specificul sistemului bancar american se exprim\u0103 \u015fi \u00een op\u0163iunea b\u0103ncilor \u00eentre dou\u0103 tipuri de statut National Bank sau State Bank (banc\u0103 federal\u0103 sau banc\u0103 \u00eentr-un stat anumit) completat\u0103 cu regimul \u201eone state banking\u201d const\u00e2nd \u00een separarea activit\u0103\u0163ii bancare comerciale de cele financiare. Ca urmare a acestor factori specifici se disting 4 categorii de institu\u0163ii bancare:<\/span><\/div>\n
1.                  <\/span><\/span>B\u0103ncile Comerciale \u2013 au ca func\u0163ie principal\u0103 primirea depozitelor de fonduri, private sau publice, la vedere sau la termen.<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

2.                  <\/span><\/span>B\u0103ncile de Investi\u0163ii (investment banks) opereaz\u0103 cu fonduri \u00eemprumutate de la b\u0103ncile comerciale asigur\u00e2nd cump\u0103rarea \u015fi plasamentul titlurilor emise de societ\u0103\u0163i comerciale \u015fi presteaz\u0103 servicii \u00een domeniul restructur\u0103rilor \u015fi fuziunilor, gestioneaz\u0103 portofolii de titluri, juc\u00e2nd un rol important \u00een dinamizarea economiei.<\/span><\/div>\n
3.                  <\/span><\/span>B\u0103ncile americane situate \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate cu avantajul de efectua opera\u0163iuni care nu le sunt permise pe teritoriul american.<\/span><\/div>\n
4.                  <\/span><\/span>B\u0103ncile str\u0103ine \u2013 sunt \u00een propor\u0163ie de cca.50% japoneze, cca.10% britanice \u015fi 30% europene. Aceste b\u0103nci provoac\u0103 \u00eengrijorarea sistemului bancar autohton at\u00e2t datorit\u0103 atragerii unei p\u0103r\u0163i a clientelei americane de origine asiatic\u0103 c\u00e2t \u015fi datorit\u0103 achizi\u0163ion\u0103rii de c\u0103tre b\u0103ncile str\u0103ine a unor b\u0103nci americane.<\/span><\/div>\n
Imposibilitatea implant\u0103rii \u00een afara statului \u2013 de origine \u015fi compartimentarea strict\u0103 \u00eentre b\u0103ncile comerciale \u015fi b\u0103ncile de investi\u0163ii au ac\u0163ionat \u00een detrimentul sistemului bancar \u015fi \u00een avantajul \u00eentreprinderilor financiare nebancare.<\/span><\/div>\n
Reglementarea are mai de grab\u0103 b\u0103ncile dec\u00e2t opera\u0163iunile bancare. Exist\u0103 numeroase a\u015fa-zisele near banks (\u201eaproape b\u0103nci\u201d), care nefiind supuse reglement\u0103rilor bancare, concureaz\u0103 direct b\u0103ncile pe propriul lor teren. De exemplu, cartelele de credit ale unor institu\u0163ii specializate (American Express) sau ale unor re\u0163ele de magazine (Sears Roebuck & Co) sunt mai numeroase dec\u00e2t cele ale b\u0103ncilor (400 de milioane fa\u0163\u0103 de 100 de milioane \u00een cadrul b\u0103ncilor).<\/span><\/div>\n
Tot a\u015fa marile companii de plasament a valorilor mobiliare dintre care exemplific\u0103m Merril Lynch evoluau \u00een trecut ca institu\u0163ii ce efectuau o parte din opera\u0163iunile b\u0103ncilor de investi\u0163ii, dar vin s\u0103 concureze b\u0103ncile comerciale prin aplicarea noilor produse de atragere a economiilor.<\/span><\/div>\n
B\u0103ncile comerciale se \u00eent\u0103resc pentru a face fa\u0163\u0103 acestui handicap creat de concuren\u0163\u0103, dar sistemul bancar american nu are puterea dolarului \u015fi a industriei americane.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sistemul bancar al S.U.A. este determinat \u00een acela\u015fi timp de structura federal\u0103 a \u0163\u0103rii (factor de descentralizare) \u015fi de legisla\u0163ia care a rezultat \u00een urma crizei din 1929 (factor de specializare). \u00cen prezent sistemul bancar american are o structur\u0103 primordial\u0103, av\u00e2nd la v\u00e2rf sistemul federal de rezerv\u0103 \u015fi organismele federale. Federal Reserve System este alc\u0103tuit […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88474"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=88474"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88474\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=88474"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=88474"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=88474"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}