{"id":20174,"date":"2011-03-07T11:49:00","date_gmt":"2011-03-07T11:49:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/trainingsnews.com\/paradigma-interactionismului-simbolic"},"modified":"2011-03-07T11:49:00","modified_gmt":"2011-03-07T11:49:00","slug":"paradigma-interactionismului-simbolic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/2011\/03\/07\/paradigma-interactionismului-simbolic\/","title":{"rendered":"Paradigma interactionismului simbolic ( Teoria \u201cetichetarii\u201d )"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><p><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">Societatea americana a intrat in ultimele decenii intr-o faza de dezvoltare care vizeaza o reintoarcere la traditiile europene si, in primul rand, la modelul teoretic weberian cu privire la semnificatiile actiunii umane. Aceasta schimbare de perspectiva se poate sintetiza in urmatoarele idei: <\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">a)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">respingerea presupunerilor prealabile si a definitiilor facute situatiilor sociale prin scheme apriorice;<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">b)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">luarea in considerare a lumii subiectivitatii umane pentru a da actiunii actorului social un sens pe baza caruia sa se poata interpreta motivatiile actului de conduita comunicat si orientat in raport cu conduitele celorlalti;<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">c)<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\"><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">considerarea lumii sociale ca o \u201cscena\u201d a intalnirii dintre experiente si semnificatii particulare si refuzul de a mai considera aceasta lume un univers cantitativist dominat de proprietati si legi invariabile;<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">d)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">adoptarea metodei fenomenologice ca fiind singura in masura sa evidentieze caracterul volitional al activitatilor umane in lumea intersubiectiva a vietii cotidiene;<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">e)<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">plasarea sociologului in perspectiva actorului social care exercita actiunea, adica convertirea semnificatiilor reale intr-o lume alternativa celei cotidiene, care cuprinde interpretarea interpretarilor subiective ale actiunii.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">Adoptarea unei asemenea perspective interpretative a permis constituirea mai multor curente cu caracter fenomenologic:<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">teoria schimbului (exchange theory)<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">, elaborata de George Homans, Peter Blau si Robert Emerson, a interpretat comportamentul uman ca fiind produsul unui \u201cschimb\u201d de bunuri materiale si spirituale intre protagonistii actiunii sociale;<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">interactionismul simbolic<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">, schitat initial de George H.Mead si fundamentat ulterior de Herbert Blumer si discipolii sai, printrecare Erving Goffman, Howard S.Becker, Anselm Strauss, Edwin Lemert s.a., a pecat de la ideea ca faptele sociale sunt rezultatul proceselor de interactiune intre participantii la lumea cotidiana a simbolurilor si semnificatiilor reciproc impartasite, in care totul se negociaza, neexistand&nbsp; nimic predeterminat sau prestabilit;<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">etnometodologia<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">, reprezentata de Harold Garfinkel, Jack Douglas si Erving Goffman, si-a propus sa inlature bariera artificiala dintre cunoasrea stiintifica si cea comuna, asa incat sociologii sa efectueze o descriere a vietii cotidiene identica cu cea a actorilor sociali insisi.&nbsp; <\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">Toate aceste orientari au determinat deplasarea preocuparilor sociologilor de la aspectele deterministe ale actiunii (de ce au loc acestea ?), la aspectele ei fenomenologice (cum poate fi descrisa sau interpretata aceasta ?), orientandu-i&nbsp; spre investigarea vietii cotidiene a micilor comunitati alcatuite din grupuri de devianti si marginali: toxicomanii, in special fumatorii de marijuana (H.S. Becker), bolnavii mental, internati in spitale psihiatrice (E. Goffman), delincventii(Edwin Lemert) etc.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">Orientarile fenomenologice si-au adus o contributie de seama in domeniul sociologiei prin urmatoarele idei:<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">lumea deviantilor (out- sider- ilor \u2013 H. S. Becker) este similara celei conventionale, normele si valorile subculturilor deviante gasindu-si corespondent in valorile ce definesc societatea conventionala;<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">nici un act nu este deviant prin el insusi, ci este definit ca atare numai ca urmare a interactiunilor sociale in cursul carora indivizii reactioneaza fata de conduitele altor indivizi, care nu seamana cu ale majoritatii, etichetandu-le ca fiind deviante.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">Aceasta idee s-a concretizat in asa- numita teorie a \u201cetichetarii\u201d <i>( labeling theory )<\/i>, sustinuta, intre altii, de Howard S. Becker, Edwin Lemert, Kai Erikson, Erving Goffman, Thomas Scheff s.a.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Problema fundamentala a acestei teorii consta in aflarea unui raspuns la intrebarea \u201cde ce (cum ) o anumita conduita este desemnata ca fiind devianta ?\u201d, insa sinteza teoriei etichetarii necesita cateva enunturi:<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">a)<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">impartirea oamenilor in indivizi normali si indivizi devianti nu poate fi sustinuta, intrucat toti oamenii, intr-un moment sau altul al vietii lor, incalca normele sociale;<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">b)<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">majoritatea acestor cazuri de incalcare a normelor sociale nu este detectata de catre agentii de control social si este denumita \u201cdevianta primara\u201d;<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">c)<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">calificarea unui act ca fiind deviant depinde de reactia societatii fata de incalcarea normelor, de imprejurarile in care se produc aceste abateri si de categoriile de indivizi desemnati ca devianti;<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">d)<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">din punctul de vedere al deviantilor insisi, conduita lor este perfect normala ( este \u201c asa cum trebuie sa fie\u201d in sensul postulat de E. Durkheim). Abia dupa ce are loc procesul de etichetare din afara, apare devianta ca atare, denumita \u201cdevianta secundara\u201d. Indivizii etichetati ca devianti adopta o conduita conforma cu aceasta eticheta, cautand compania unor persoane care au aceesi identitate si impartasesc acelasi stil de viata;<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">e)<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">procesul de etichetare este realizat de catre agenti de control social care au puterea de a stigmatiza, de a supune pe indivizii nonconformisti ununi ritual de degra<\/p>\n<p>dare, de a-i sanctiona&nbsp; si de a-i obliga sa se resocializeze pentru a reveni la identitatea considerata \u201cnormala\u201d de catre societate.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">Ca orice conceptie fenomenologica, teoria etichetarii are si limite:<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">reduce explicatia sociologica la o simpla interpretare de semnificatii, ignora <\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">determinantele structurale ale conduitelor umane;<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8211; identifica devianta cu anormalitatea, ignorand faptul ca devianta este un fenomen&nbsp; social, iar anormalitatea este un fenomen psihopatologic;<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">ignora cauzele primare ale deviantei in favoarea consecintelor secundare <\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">determinate de etichetare;<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">nu ia in considerare devianta cu caracter secundar sau nedetectat, cum sunt <\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyTextIndent3\" style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">actele de coruptie a acelor care&nbsp; detin puterea , care de cele mai multe ori nu sunt nici stigmatizate, nici etichetate.<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 12pt;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Teoria etichetarii a avut un impact puternic asupra miscarii de umanizare a mediilor carcerale, prin semnalarea pericolelor institutionalizarii, ale dependentei prelungite fata de institutiile de control social (mai ales in cazul detinutilor infractori sau al pacientilor din spitalele de psihiatrie) si a oferit , totodata, o descriere mai adecvata a modului de desfasurare a unor \u201ccariere deviante\u201d determinate de mecanismele etichetarii<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Societatea americana a intrat in ultimele decenii intr-o faza de dezvoltare care vizeaza o reintoarcere la traditiile europene si, in primul rand, la modelul teoretic weberian cu privire la semnificatiile actiunii umane. Aceasta schimbare de perspectiva se poate sintetiza in urmatoarele idei: a)respingerea presupunerilor prealabile si a definitiilor facute situatiilor sociale prin scheme apriorice; b)luarea [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[11],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20174"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20174"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20174\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20174"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20174"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20174"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}