{"id":20017,"date":"2011-03-29T08:06:00","date_gmt":"2011-03-29T08:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/trainingsnews.com\/ciclotron-2"},"modified":"2011-03-29T08:06:00","modified_gmt":"2011-03-29T08:06:00","slug":"ciclotron-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/2011\/03\/29\/ciclotron-2\/","title":{"rendered":"CICLOTRON"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">Ciclotronul, realizat \u00een 1932 de Ernest Lawrence, accelereaz\u0103 particule \u00eenc\u0103rcate, ca de exemplu protoni \u015fi deutroni, la energii mari pentru a putea fi folosite \u00een experien\u0163ele de ciocnire atomic\u0103 \u015fi nuclear\u0103. &nbsp;\u00cen figura de mai jos este dat ciclotronul Universit\u0103\u0163ii din Pittsburgh. \u00cen sursa de ioni din centrul&nbsp; ciclotronului, moleculele de deuteriu sunt bombardate cu electroni de energie suficient de mare( de aprox. 100eW), pentru ca la ciocnire s\u0103 formeze ioni pozitivi. Mul\u0163i dintre ace\u015fti ioni sunt deuteroni liberi ce intr\u0103 \u00een ciclotronul propriu-zis printr-un mic orificiu din peretele sursei de ioni \u015fi apoi sunt accelera\u0163i. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">Pentru accelerare ciclotronul nu folose\u015fte o diferen\u0163\u0103 de poten\u0163ial foarte mare(aprox. 10<sup>5<\/sup>V) ci energia mare se ob\u0163ine prin faptul c\u0103 ionul parcurge de multe ori aceast\u0103 diferen\u0163\u0103 de poten\u0163ial. Pentru a atinge 10MeV cu un poten\u0163ial de accelerare de 10<sup>5<\/sup>V sunt necesare 100 de treceri. Un c\u00e2mp magnetic este folosit pentru a curba traiectoria ionilor pentru ca astfel s\u0103 poat\u0103 trece din nou prin acela\u015fi poten\u0163ial de accelerare.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">\u00cen figur\u0103 este dat\u0103 o privire de sus a por\u0163iunii ciclotronului ce se g\u0103se\u015fte \u00een interiorul incintei vidate notat\u0103 cu V. Este format din dou\u0103 cutii din cupru \u00een form\u0103 de \u201eD\u201d, numite duan\u0163i ce fac parte dintr-un oscilator electric, ce produce o diferen\u0163\u0103 de poten\u0163ial de accelerare \u00een interiorul dintre duan\u0163i.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">Sensul acestei diferen\u0163e&nbsp; de poten\u0163ial se inverseaz\u0103 de c\u00e2teva milioane de ori \u00eentr-o secund\u0103. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">Duan\u0163ii se g\u0103sesc \u00eentr-un c\u00e2mp magnetic(B~1,6Wb\/m<sup>2<\/sup>) ce iese din planul figurii. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">Acest c\u00e2mp este produs de un electromagnet mare, notat cu J \u00een figur\u0103. \u00cen final, spa\u0163iul \u00een care se deplaseaz\u0103 ionii este evacuat p\u00e2n\u0103 la o presiune&nbsp; de aprox.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 10<sup>-6<\/sup>mmHg , pentru c\u0103 astfel ionii s-ar cicnii \u00een continuu de moleculele de aer.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 un deutron ce iese din sursa de ioni, g\u0103seste duantul din fa\u0163a sa \u00eenc\u0103rcat negativ; va fi accelerat c\u0103tre acest duant \u015fi va intra \u00een interiorul s\u0103u. Ajuns \u00een interior, for\u0163ele electrice nu mai ac\u0163ioneaz\u0103 asupra sa, fiind ecranate de pere\u0163ii metalici ai duan\u0163ilor. C\u00e2mpul magnetic nefiind ecranat de duan\u0163i, traiectoria ionului se curbeaz\u0103 devenind circular\u0103, cu raza, depinz\u00e2nd de vitez\u0103, dat\u0103 de ecua\u0163ia <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; r = mv\/qB&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\">\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">Dup\u0103 un timp t<sub>0<\/sub> ionul iese din duant de cealalt\u0103 parte a sursei de ioni. S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 acum poten\u0163ialul de accelerare \u015fi-a schimbat semnul. Deci, ionul are din nou \u00een fa\u0163\u0103 un duant negativ, este iar accelerat \u015fi descrie din nou \u00een duant un semicerc, dar de raz\u0103 ceva mai mare. Timpul de trecere prin acest duant este din nou t<sub>0<\/sub>. Aceasta deoarece perioada de rota\u0163ie T a unui ion ce se deplaseaz\u0103 pe o traiectorie circular\u0103 \u00eentr-un c\u00e2mp magnetic&nbsp; nu&nbsp; depinde de&nbsp;&nbsp; viteza&nbsp; ionului,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u03bd = \u03bd <sub>0<\/sub>. Acest proces se continu\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ce ionul ajunge la extremitatea duantului unde este extras din sistem cu ajutorul unei pl\u0103ci de deviere \u00eenc\u0103rcat\u0103 negativ. Condi\u0163ia de baz\u0103 a func\u0163ion\u0103rii unui ciclotron este ca frecven\u0163a caracteristic\u0103 \u03bd cu care ionul se rote\u015fte \u00een c\u00e2mp s\u0103 fie egal\u0103 cu frecven\u0163a constant\u0103 \u03bd<sub>0<\/sub> a oscilatorului electric.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">Aceast\u0103 condi\u0163ie de rezonan\u0163a ne spune c\u0103 pentru ca energia unui ion ce se rote\u015fte s\u0103 creasc\u0103, trebuie s\u0103-i furniz\u0103m energie , cu o frecven\u0163\u0103 \u03bd<sub>0 <\/sub>egal\u0103 cu frecventa proprie \u03bd cu care ionul se rote\u015fte \u00een c\u00e2mp. Analog, furniz\u0103m energie unui pendul \u00eemping\u00e2ndu-l cu o frecven\u0163\u0103 egal\u0103 cu frecven\u0163a proprie de oscila\u0163ie a pendulului. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">&nbsp;Putem rescrie condi\u0163ia de rezonan\u0163\u0103, folosind ecua\u0163ia&nbsp; \u03bd=qB\/2\u03c0m \u015fi anume:<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; qB\/2\u03c0m= \u03bd<sub>0<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">Pentru un anumit ion ce este accelerat raportul q\/m este fix; \u00een mod obi\u015fnuit oscilatorul este proiectat pentru a lucra pe o singur\u0103 frecven\u0163\u0103<\/span><span lang=\"RO\"> <\/span><span lang=\"RO\">\u03bd<sub>0<\/sub>. Deci, se \u201eacord\u0103\u201d ciclotronul, variind pe B p\u00e2n\u0103 ce ecua\u0163ia de mai sus este satisf\u0103cut\u0103 \u015fi apare un fascicul accelerat.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">Energia particulelor accelerate \u00een ciclotron depinde de raza R a duan\u0163ilor. Viteza unei particule ce se deplaseaz\u0103 pe o traiectorie circular\u0103 de raz\u0103 R dat\u0103 de ecua\u0163ia r=mv\/qB este:<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; v=qBR\/m<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">&nbsp;Energia cinetic\u0103 este deci:<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"RO\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ec=1\/2mv<sup>2<\/sup>=q<sup>2<\/sup>B<sup>2<\/sup>R<sup>2<\/sup>\/2m<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: Times,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; text-align: justify;\">\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ciclotronul, realizat \u00een 1932 de Ernest Lawrence, accelereaz\u0103 particule \u00eenc\u0103rcate, ca de exemplu protoni \u015fi deutroni, la energii mari pentru a putea fi folosite \u00een experien\u0163ele de ciocnire atomic\u0103 \u015fi nuclear\u0103. &nbsp;\u00cen figura de mai jos este dat ciclotronul Universit\u0103\u0163ii din Pittsburgh. \u00cen sursa de ioni din centrul&nbsp; ciclotronului, moleculele de deuteriu sunt bombardate cu [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[11],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20017"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20017"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20017\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20017"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20017"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20017"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}