{"id":19594,"date":"2011-05-06T11:30:00","date_gmt":"2011-05-06T11:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/trainingsnews.com\/mecanismul-internationalizarii-firmei-2"},"modified":"2011-05-06T11:30:00","modified_gmt":"2011-05-06T11:30:00","slug":"mecanismul-internationalizarii-firmei-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/2011\/05\/06\/mecanismul-internationalizarii-firmei-2\/","title":{"rendered":"MECANISMUL INTERNA\u0162IONALIZ\u00c3RII FIRMEI"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Interna\u0163ionalizarea firmei se realizeaz\u00e3 \u00een mod gradual prin parcurgerea mai multor stadii. Exist\u00e3 mai multe opinii cu privire la evolu\u0163ia \u015fi stadiile interna\u0163ionaliz\u00e3rii:
\n1. O prim\u00e3 concep\u0163ie arat\u00e3 c\u00e3 mecanismul interna\u0163ionaliz\u00e3rii firmei de afaceri interna\u0163ionale parcurge 7 stadii:<\/p>\n

1) R\u00e3spunsul la comanda extern\u00e3 \u2013 firma pleac\u00e3 de la existen\u0163a unei comenzi din partea importatorului str\u00e3in. Dac\u00e3 ea accept\u00e3 comanda \u015fi vinde profitabil \u00een str\u00e3in\u00e3tate, apar premise pentru contingentarea exporturilor prin r\u00e3spunsul la noi comenzi din str\u00e3in\u00e3tate. \u00cen acest prim stadiu se lucreaz\u00e3 prin comercian\u0163ii sau prin intermediarii interna\u0163ionali.
\n2) Exportul activ \u2013 pe m\u00e3sur\u00e3 ce exporturile firmei continu\u00e3 s\u00e3 creasc\u00e3, conducerea firmei poate considera c\u00e3 este necesar\u00e3 implicarea activ\u00e3 \u00een v\u00e2nz\u00e3rile interna\u0163ionale. Ca urmare, se constituie un serviciu condus de un manager de export, ce are misiunea de a g\u00e3si oportunit\u00e3\u0163i de v\u00e2nzare pe pie\u0163ele str\u00e3ine \u015fi ini\u0163ierea de contracte de export.
\n3) Exportul direct \u2013 expansiunea v\u00e2nz\u00e3rilor \u00een str\u00e3in\u00e3tate face ca serviciul de export (compus dintr-un num\u00e3r redus de persoane) s\u00e3 nu mai corespund\u00e3 cerin\u0163elor de operativitate \u015fi eficien\u0163\u00e3 \u015fi, ca urmare, se constituie un departament (o divizie) de export care \u00eencepe s\u00e3 renun\u0163e la intermediari \u015fi s\u00e3 v\u00e2nd\u00e3 direct importatorilor sau cump\u00e3r\u00e3torilor finali situa\u0163i pe pie\u0163ele str\u00e3ine.
\n4) Sucursala \u015fi filiala de comercializare \u2013 grad mai ridicat de interna\u0163ionalizare comercial\u00e3, atunci c\u00e2nd firma decide s\u00e3 \u00eenfiin\u0163eze structuri organizatorice \u00een \u0163ara de import (sucursale, filiale) ce au ca obiect promovarea opera\u0163iunilor de export \u015fi \u00eencheierea \u015fi derularea contractelor de v\u00e2nzare interna\u0163ional\u00e3.
\n– Managerul sucursalei de v\u00e2nzare este subordonat direct managementului central al firmei, iar sucursala vinde direct c\u00e3tre intermediari, comercian\u0163i de pe pie\u0163ele str\u00e3ine. Sucursala poate deveni, cu timpul, o filial\u00e3 cu putere mai ridicat\u00e3.
\n5) Asamblarea \u00een str\u00e3in\u00e3tate \u2013 aceast\u00e3 decizie se poate baza pe ra\u0163iuni cum sunt:
\n– costuri mai reduse de transport pentru produsele neasamblate;
\n– taxe vamale mai reduse;
\n– costuri salariale mai mici \u00een \u0163ara de import;
\n– facilit\u00e3\u0163i oferite produc\u00e3torilor interni de c\u00e3tre guvernele \u0163\u00e3rilor gazd\u00e3.
\nProdusele asamblate \u00een una sau mai multe \u0163\u00e3ri str\u00e3ine pot fi comercializate pe pie\u0163ele locale din \u0163\u00e3rile respective, dar pot face \u015fi obiectul exportului \u00een ter\u0163e \u0163\u00e3ri sau pot fi apoi importate ca produse finite \u00een \u0163ara \u00een care firma \u00ee\u015fi are sediul central.
\n6) Produc\u0163ia \u00een str\u00e3in\u00e3tate \u2013 reprezint\u00e3, de fapt, delocalizarea produc\u0163iei \u00een str\u00e3in\u00e3tate. Aceast\u00e3 decizie presupune elaborarea unei strategii de afaceri pe termen lung, av\u00e2nd la baz\u00e3 studii de pia\u0163\u00e3, programe de promovare \u015fi distribu\u0163ie, analize de identificare a unor debu\u015fee str\u00e3ine.
\nProduc\u0163ia \u00een str\u00e3in\u00e3tate se poate dezvolta prin mai multe forme de afaceri interna\u0163ionale: subcontractere, licen\u0163iere, investi\u0163ii directe \u00een \u00eentreprinderi de produc\u0163ie. \u00cen acest ultim caz, cele mai multe din func\u0163iunile firmei sunt realizate \u00een str\u00e3in\u00e3tate: aprovizionarea, finan\u0163area, managementul resurselor umane, produc\u0163ia, marketingul, etc.
\n7) Integrarea filialelor str\u00e3ine \u2013 presupune integrarea diferitelor filiale str\u00e3ine \u00eentr-un sistem corpora\u0163ional multina\u0163ional. Filialele \u00ee\u015fi pierd o parte din autonomia decizional\u00e3, deciziile strategice fiind luate de organul superior de la sediul central al firmei.
\nFirma multina\u0163ional\u00e3 consider\u00e3 drept mediu propriu de afaceri pia\u0163a mondial\u00e3 \u00een ansamblu. Ea planific\u00e3, organizeaz\u00e3, controleaz\u00e3 afacerile sale interna\u0163ionale \u00eentr-o perspectiv\u00e3 global\u00e3.<\/p>\n

2. Alt\u00e3 optic\u00e3 presupune c\u00e3 mecanismul interna\u0163ionaliz\u00e3rii cuprinde 3 stadii ale dezvolt\u00e3rii firmei pe plan interna\u0163ional:
\n1) Interna\u0163ionalizarea ini\u0163ial\u00e3 \u2013 firma valorific\u00e3 pe plan interna\u0163ional avantajele sale specifice, adic\u00e3 acele competen\u0163e \u015fi abilit\u00e3\u0163i ce au consacrat-o pe pia\u0163a intern\u00e3: avantajul tehnologic, avantaje financiare, avantaje de markrting, putere financiar\u00e3.
\n2) Implantarea \u00een \u0163\u00e3rile ter\u0163e \u2013 valorific\u00e3 avantajele de localizare \u00een str\u00e3in\u00e3tate, firma dezvolt\u00e2ndu-\u015fi capacit\u00e3\u0163ile comerciale \u015fi de produc\u0163ie pe pie\u0163ele locale \u015fi str\u00e3ine \u015fi adapt\u00e2ndu-\u015fi strategia \u015fi modul de operare \u00een func\u0163ie de specificul acestor pie\u0163e.
\n3) Multina\u0163ionalizarea \u015fi globalizarea \u2013 se bazeaz\u00e3 pe avantajele unei strategii globale ce abordeaz\u00e3 pia\u0163a global\u00e3 ca un spa\u0163iu economic global, unitar (total). Acest stadiu presupune \u00eenfiin\u0163area unei re\u0163ele multina\u0163ionale de subcontractan\u0163i \u015fi integrarea filialelor din str\u00e3in\u00e3tate.
\nExist\u00e3, desigur, mai multe grade de interna\u0163ionalizare \u00een afacerile unei firme la scar\u00e3 interna\u0163ional\u00e3. Astfel, unele firme pot s\u00e3 se angajeze mai ad\u00e2nc, devenind societ\u00e3\u0163i multina\u0163ionale sau globale. Alte firme prefer\u00e3 s\u00e3 se rezume la o abordare multina\u0163ional\u00e3, men\u0163in\u00e2ndu-se din punct de vedere strategic \u015fi opera\u0163ional \u00een limitele unei companii na\u0163ionale cu activitate interna\u0163ional\u00e3.
\nInterna\u0163ionalizarea afacerilor \u015fi transformarea firmelor \u00een societ\u00e3\u0163i multina\u0163ionale implic\u00e3 schimb\u00e3ri uneori radicale \u00een practicile de management, \u00een structurile organizatorice \u015fi \u00een cultura corpora\u0163ional\u00e3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Interna\u0163ionalizarea firmei se realizeaz\u00e3 \u00een mod gradual prin parcurgerea mai multor stadii. Exist\u00e3 mai multe opinii cu privire la evolu\u0163ia \u015fi stadiile interna\u0163ionaliz\u00e3rii: 1. O prim\u00e3 concep\u0163ie arat\u00e3 c\u00e3 mecanismul interna\u0163ionaliz\u00e3rii firmei de afaceri interna\u0163ionale parcurge 7 stadii: 1) R\u00e3spunsul la comanda extern\u00e3 \u2013 firma pleac\u00e3 de la existen\u0163a unei comenzi din partea importatorului str\u00e3in. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[11],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19594"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19594"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19594\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19594"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19594"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19594"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}