{"id":109428,"date":"2017-12-09T15:28:00","date_gmt":"2017-12-09T15:28:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-01-08T10:52:17","modified_gmt":"2023-01-08T10:52:17","slug":"capital-punishment-abolished-in-tuscany","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/2017\/12\/09\/capital-punishment-abolished-in-tuscany\/","title":{"rendered":"Capital punishment abolished in Tuscany, 1786"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><h3 class=\"post-title entry-title\"><\/h3>\n<div class=\"post-body entry-content\"><a href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/_FN98eHvI0Yg\/SxJ7MyrdLLI\/AAAAAAAABl4\/cR9NUjgqdYg\/s1600\/Leopold_II_as_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany_by_Joseph_Hickel_1769.jpg\" style=\"clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"143\" height=\"200\" border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/leopold_ii_as_grand_duke_of_tuscany_by_joseph_hickel_1769.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-109429\" \/><\/a>In  1765, Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard succeeded his  father, Holy Roman Emperor Francis I, as Grand Duke of Tuscany. For five  years of his reign a group of counselors selected by his mother  administered the Grand Duchy. Finally, in 1770 he visited Vienna and  secured full control over Tuscany.<\/p>\n<p>Peter Leopold set about  reforming the Grand Duchy. Although he was unsuccessful in his attempt  to secularise his state, he did remove many of the restrictions on  commerce and personal freedom that the Medici had instituted and his  father had left in place. He also started the process of drawing up a  political constitution.<\/p>\n<p>His enlightened attitudes extended to the  punishment of criminals. After reading Cesare Beccaria&#8217;s 1764 treatise  on penal reform, <i>Dei delitti e delle pene<\/i> (&#8220;On Crimes and  Punishments&#8221;), he started blocking the application of the death penalty,  with no executions taking place after 1769. On 30th November 1786, he  promulgated a reform that banned torture, abolished the death penalty  and ordered the destruction of all instruments of capital punishment,  making the Grand Duchy of Tuscany the first modern state to permanently  abolish the death penalty.<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 1765, Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard succeeded his father, Holy Roman Emperor Francis I, as Grand Duke of Tuscany. For five years of his reign a group of counselors selected by his mother administered the Grand Duchy. Finally, in 1770 he visited Vienna and secured full control over Tuscany. Peter Leopold set [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":109429,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109428"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109428"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109428\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/109429"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109428"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=109428"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=109428"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}