{"id":108147,"date":"2018-02-16T03:54:00","date_gmt":"2018-02-16T03:54:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-01-08T10:41:14","modified_gmt":"2023-01-08T10:41:14","slug":"comertul-extern-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/2018\/02\/16\/comertul-extern-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Comer\u0163ul extern."},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><h3 class=\"post-title entry-title\" itemprop=\"headline\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; position: relative;\"><\/h3>\n<div class=\"post-body entry-content\" id=\"post-body-6320675558058481831\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 615px;\">Comer\u0163ul extern sau interna\u0163ional reprezint\u0103 o cale prin care economiile na\u0163ionale se pot specializa, pot realiza cre\u015fterea productivit\u0103\u0163ii factorilor economici de care dispun \u015fi , \u00een general, pot realiza produc\u0163ii mai mari fa\u0163\u0103 de situa\u0163ia c\u00e2nd nu particip\u0103 la schimburile economice interna\u0163ionale.<br \/>Comer\u0163ul interna\u0163ional cuprinde ansamblul tranzac\u0163iilor de export \u015fi de import de bunuri economice, realizate \u00eentre agen\u0163ii economici din \u0163\u0103ri diferite, \u00een schimbul unei sume dintr-o valut\u0103 convertibil\u0103.<br \/>Obiectul comer\u0163ului poate fi: bunurile materiale, tehnologii, capital , valut\u0103 etc.<br \/>Opera\u0163iunile de comer\u0163 cuprind: import \u015fi export marfar, turism interna\u0163ional, prest\u0103ri \u015fi servicii interna\u0163ionale.<br \/>Principalele criterii care stau la baza particip\u0103rii \u0163\u0103rilor la comer\u0163 interna\u0163ional sunt:<br \/>\uf076 Criteriul avantajului absolut- specializarea \u0163\u0103rilor din cauza costurilor absolute mai mici;<br \/>\uf076 Criteriul avantajului comparativ- specializarea \u00een baza costului de oportunitate mai mic;<br \/>\uf076 Criteriul dot\u0103rii cu factori de produc\u0163ie<br \/>\uf076 Criteriul productivit\u0103\u0163ii<br \/>\uf076 Criteriul efectului de antrenare specializarea dup\u0103 ramurile care produc un efect \u00eenalt de antrenare, adica care contribuie la dezvoltarea \u015fi celorlalte ramuri sau domenii de activitate;<br \/>\uf076 Criteriul dinamicii \u015fi structurii cererii interna\u0163ionale de bunuri \u015fi servicii.<br \/>Participarea fiec\u0103rii economii interna\u0163ionale la comer\u0163ul interna\u0163ional este reflectat prin balan\u0163a comercial\u0103 \u015fi balan\u0163a de pl\u0103\u0163i.<br \/>2.Balan\u0163a de pl\u0103\u0163i externe \u015fi Balan\u0163a comercial\u0103 \u015fi structura ei.<br \/>Ca instrument economic, valutar financiar, folosit pentru eviden\u0163a, analiza \u015fi controlul interdependen\u0163elor externe ale unor \u0163\u0103ri, unrol deosebit are balan\u0163a de pl\u0103\u0163i externe.<br \/>Balan\u0163a de pl\u0103\u0163i externe (BPE) reprezint\u0103 un document statistic \u00een care se \u00eenscriu \u015fi se compar\u0103 pl\u0103\u0163ile \u015fi \u00eencas\u0103rile \u00een valut\u0103 str\u0103in\u0103, care rezult\u0103 din tranzac\u0163iile economico \u2013 financiare ale economiei date cu alte state.<br \/>Balan\u0163a de pl\u0103\u0163i vizeaz\u0103 toate fluxurile economice ale unei \u0163\u0103ri, respectiv:<br \/>&#8211; importurile \u015fi exporturile de m\u0103rfuri;<br \/>&#8211; comer\u0163ul interna\u0163ional cu servicii \u015fi transporturile interna\u0163ionale;<br \/>&#8211; plasamentele interna\u0163ionale de capital pe termen lung;<br \/>&#8211; plasamente interna\u0163ionale de capital pe termen scurt sub form\u0103 de credite comerciale.<br \/>Balan\u0163a de pl\u0103\u0163i se descompune \u00een urm\u0103toarele structuri:<br \/>I. balan\u0163a comercial\u0103 formeaz\u0103 balan\u0163a de pl\u0103\u0163i<br \/>II. balan\u00eea serviciilor (invizibilelor) curente.<br \/>III. balan\u0163a capitalurilor pe termen lung formeaz\u0103 balan\u0163a<br \/>IV. balan\u0163a capitalurilor pe termen scurt capitalurilor.<br \/>Balan\u0163a de pl\u0103\u0163i poate fi la r\u00eendul ei:<br \/>&#8211; balan\u0163a de pl\u0103\u0163i echilibrat\u0103, atunci c\u00eend \u00eencas\u0103rile sunt egale cu pl\u0103\u0163ile;<br \/>&#8211; balan\u0163a de pl\u0103\u0163i excedentar\u0103 (activ\u0103), atunci c\u00eend \u00eencas\u0103rile sunt mai mari dec\u00eet pre\u0163urile. \u00cen cazul dat avem o activitate economic\u0103 eficient\u0103, permi\u0163\u00eend cre\u015fterea rezervelor valutare ale \u0163\u0103rii \u015fi efectuarea unor investi\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale de capital.<br \/>&#8211; balan\u0163a de pl\u0103\u0163i deficitar\u0103 (pasiv\u0103), atunci cind pl\u0103\u0163ile (datoriile) sunt mai mari dec\u00eet \u00eencas\u0103rile. Reflect\u0103 o situa\u0163ie negativ\u0103, o ineficien\u0163\u0103 a economiei na\u0163ionale \u015fi poate fi acoperit\u0103 prin urm\u0103toarele c\u0103i:<br \/># export de metale pre\u0163ioase<br \/># export de m\u0103rfuri<br \/># export de valute \u015fi devize (cambii, cecuri, obliga\u0163iuni) convertibile<br \/># \u00eemprumuturi \u015fi credite din str\u0103in\u0103tate.<br \/>Prin participarea economiilor na\u0163ionale la schimbul interna\u0163ional de valori, la opera\u0163iunile de comer\u0163 interna\u0163ional, acestea \u00ee\u015fi rezolv\u0103 urm\u0103toarele probleme:<br \/>a) se asigur\u0103 factorii de produc\u0163ie \u015fi bunurile de consum de care economiile na\u0163ionale nu dispun, sau cantit\u0103\u0163ile disponibile sunt insuficiente;<br \/>b) asigur\u0103 realizarea restructur\u0103rii, moderniz\u0103rii retehnologiz\u0103rii \u015fi dezvolt\u0103rii produc\u0163iei;<br \/>c) se asigur\u0103 acele bunuri economice care nu pot fi produse \u00een \u0163ar\u0103;<br \/>d) amplific\u0103 concuren\u0163a la nivelul pie\u0163elor interne.<br \/>Balan\u0163a comercial\u0103 este tabloul statistico-economic, care cuprinde valoarea total\u0103 \u015fi pe grupe de m\u0103rfuri a exportului \u015fi importului. Balan\u0163a comercial\u0103 este o parte a balan\u0163ei de pl\u0103\u0163i.<br \/>Balan\u0163a comercial\u0103 urm\u0103re\u015fte echilibru \u00eentre valoarea m\u0103rfurilor exportate \u015fi celor importate.<br \/>Balan\u0163a comercial\u0103 poate fi:<br \/>1. balan\u0163\u0103 comercial\u0103 echilibrat\u0103 (soldat\u0103)- c\u00e2nd valoarea exportului este egal\u0103 cu a importului, o balan\u0163\u0103 pur teoretic\u0103;<br \/>2. balan\u0163a comercil\u0103 excedentar\u0103 (activ\u0103)- valoarea exportului dep\u0103\u015fe\u015fte valoare importului, arat\u0103 de obicei c\u0103 \u0163ara are un excedent de valut\u0103 \u00een urma v\u00e2nz\u0103rilor peste hotare, este un obiectiv pentru \u0163\u0103rile care au datorii externe sau care se preg\u0103tesc s\u0103 treac\u0103 la convertibilitatea valutei na\u0163ionale;<br \/>3. balan\u0163a comercial\u0103 deficitar\u0103 (pasiv\u0103)- exportul este mai mic ca importul ca valoare, o situa\u0163ie negativ\u0103 care determin\u0103 statul s\u0103 diminueze, pentru a acoperi dificitul, rezervele valutare, fie s\u0103 apeleze la credite externe .<br \/>\u00cen func\u0163ie de aria rela\u0163iilor comerciale balan\u0163a comercial\u0103 se clasific\u0103 \u00een:<br \/>1. balan\u0163a comercial\u0103 general\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd se analizeaz\u0103 tot spectru de rela\u0163ii comerciale ale unei \u0163\u0103ri;<br \/>2. balan\u0163a comercial\u0103 par\u0163ial\u0103- c\u00e2nd se abordeaz\u0103 rela\u0163iile doar cu o anumit\u0103 \u0163ar\u0103 sau un grup restr\u00e2ns de \u0163\u0103ri.<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Comer\u0163ul extern sau interna\u0163ional reprezint\u0103 o cale prin care economiile na\u0163ionale se pot specializa, pot realiza cre\u015fterea productivit\u0103\u0163ii factorilor economici de care dispun \u015fi , \u00een general, pot realiza produc\u0163ii mai mari fa\u0163\u0103 de situa\u0163ia c\u00e2nd nu particip\u0103 la schimburile economice interna\u0163ionale.Comer\u0163ul interna\u0163ional cuprinde ansamblul tranzac\u0163iilor de export \u015fi de import de bunuri economice, realizate [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/108147"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=108147"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/108147\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=108147"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=108147"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=108147"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}