{"id":107715,"date":"2018-02-17T16:25:00","date_gmt":"2018-02-17T16:25:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-01-08T10:37:37","modified_gmt":"2023-01-08T10:37:37","slug":"medicamentele-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/2018\/02\/17\/medicamentele-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Medicamentele"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Prin medicamente se \u00een\u0163elege orice produs cu care se pot prevenii, ameliora sau vindeca bolile \u015fi simptomele lor. Tot medicamentele sunt considerate produsele administrate pe calea extern\u0103 sau intern\u0103, la om sau animal, \u00een scopul diagnostic\u0103rii bolilor, precum \u015fi produsele care diminueaz\u0103 sau \u00eenl\u0103tur\u0103 durerea la na\u015fte sau \u00een interven\u0163iile chirurgicale. Ele pot fi d natur\u0103 mineral\u0103, vegetal\u0103, animal\u0103, biologic\u0103 sau pot fi ob\u0163inute pe cale sintetic\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n
            \u00cen func\u0163ie de cantitatea administrat\u0103 ele pot ac\u0163iona \u00een mod diferit, iar \u00een raport cu efectele produse, doza poate fi:<\/span><\/div>\n
a.)       <\/span><\/span>doz\u0103 terapeutic\u0103<\/span><\/u><\/b>  – cantitatea de medicamente care determin\u0103 apari\u0163ia efectului terapeutic dorit<\/span><\/div>\n
b.)       <\/span><\/span>doz\u0103 maxim\u0103 <\/span><\/u><\/b>\u2013 cantitatea maxim\u0103 de medicament care poate fi administrat\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 a provoca efecte nocive<\/span><\/div>\n
c.)       <\/span><\/span>doz\u0103 toxic\u0103 <\/span><\/u><\/b> – cantitatea de medicamente care determin\u0103 efecte toxice<\/span><\/div>\n
d.)       <\/span><\/span>doza letal\u0103 <\/span><\/u><\/b> – cantitatea de medicamente care produce moarte persoanei respective<\/span><\/div>\n
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Medicamentele sunt prescrise de medic, iar persoanele care le administreaz\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 cunosc urm\u0103toarele reguli generale:<\/span><\/div>\n
a.)                              <\/span><\/span>este necesar s\u0103 se verifice etichetele de pe medicamente \u00eenaintea administr\u0103rii lor, inclusiv termenul de expirare<\/span><\/div>\n
b.)                             <\/span><\/span>s\u0103 se cunoasc\u0103 aspectul exterior al medicamentului pentru identificarea acestuia<\/span><\/div>\n
c.)                              <\/span><\/span>s\u0103 se cunoasc\u0103 modul \u00een care se administreaz\u0103, doza c\u00e2t \u015fi orarul pentru a asigura o eficien\u0163\u0103 maxim\u0103<\/span><\/div>\n
d.)                             <\/span><\/span>s\u0103 se cunoasc\u0103 reac\u0163iile imediate sau \u00eendep\u0103rtate care pot ap\u0103rea<\/span><\/div>\n
e.)                              <\/span><\/span>s\u0103 se cunoasc\u0103 incompatibilit\u0103\u0163ile care pot exista \u00eentre ele<\/span><\/div>\n
f.)                               <\/span><\/span>s\u0103 se cunoasc\u0103 modul de p\u0103strare al medicamentelor \u00een scopul men\u0163inerii calit\u0103\u0163ii acestora.<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u00cen conformitate cu prescrip\u0163iile medicului, medicamentele se pot administra pe cale bucal\u0103 ( oral\u0103), respiratorie, rectal\u0103, prin aplica\u0163ii locale sau pe cale parenteral\u0103 (prin injec\u0163ii) .<\/span><\/div>\n
Prin cale parenteral\u0103 se \u00een\u0163elege administrarea medicamentelor pe alt\u0103 cale dec\u00e2t tubul digestiv. \u00cen mod curent se \u00een\u0163elege introducerea \u00een organism a medicamentelor aflate \u00een stare lichid\u0103, cu ajutorul unor ace care traverseaz\u0103 \u0163esuturile, deci prin injec\u0163ii. Dintre avantajele utiliz\u0103rii acestei c\u0103i cit\u0103m:<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>absorb\u0163ia u\u015foar\u0103, cea ce determin\u0103 o instalare rapid\u0103 a efectului<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>ocolirea tubului digestiv \u00een cazul medicamentelor sensibile la ac\u0163iunea sucurilor digestive<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>introducerea medicamentelor \u00een organismul bolnavului incon\u015ftient<\/span><\/div>\n
Felul injec\u0163iilor poate s\u0103 fie intradermic\u0103, subcutanat\u0103, intramuscular\u0103, aspira\u0163ii venoase.<\/span><\/div>\n
Injec\u0163ia intradermic\u0103 se face cu scop explorator, anestezic, curativ. Regiunea fa\u0163\u0103 interioar\u0103 a antebra\u0163ului, iar la nevoie oricare alt\u0103 regiune.<\/span><\/div>\n
Injec\u0163ia subcutanat\u0103 se face \u00een scop curativ. Regiunea se poate efectua \u00een orice regiune unde nu trec \u00een straturile superficiale trunchiuri mari vasculare \u015fi nervoase, regiuni infectate sau supuse la presiuni de \u00eembr\u0103c\u0103minte.<\/span><\/div>\n
Injec\u0163ia intramuscular\u0103 se efectueaz\u0103 \u00een scop curativ. Regiunea p\u0103tratul supero \u2013extern a fesei, deasupra liniei orizontale ce trece prin axtremitatea superioar\u0103 a \u015fan\u0163ului interfesiar fa\u0163\u0103 antero- extern\u0103 a bra\u0163ului \u015fi a coapsei.<\/span><\/div>\n
Injec\u0163ia intravenoas\u0103 se efectueaz\u0103 \u00een scop explorator sau curativ \u015fi ofer\u0103 o instalare rapid\u0103 a efectului dorit, administrarea \u00een totalitate a dozei prescrise. Regiunea se poate efectua \u00een toate venele superficiale utiliz\u00e2ndu-se mai ales cele de la nivelul plicii cotului.<\/span><\/div>\n
Ne vom ori asupra urm\u0103toarelor medicamente:<\/span><\/div>\n
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 I  ANALEPTICE<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
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 Stimulante psihomotororii<\/u><\/span><\/div>\n

Grupa de substan\u0163e excitante ale sistemului nervos central care provoac\u0103 stimularea de tip coordonat a func\u0163iilor psihice \u015fi motorii ale scoar\u0163ei cerebrale. Principalele stimulante psihomotorii sunt cofeina \u015fi o serie de substan\u0163e de sintez\u0103, av\u00e2nd drept prim rezultat amfetamina.<\/span><\/h1>\n

Cofeina <\/span><\/b>este un alcaloid derivat de xantin\u0103, con\u0163inut \u00een boabe de cafea, frunze de ceai, boabe de cacao.<\/span><\/h1>\n

Ac\u0163iuni farmacologice:<\/span><\/h1>\n

–         <\/span><\/span>stimuleaz\u0103 scoar\u0163a cerebral\u0103<\/span><\/h1>\n

–         <\/span><\/span>stimuleaz\u0103 slab centrii respiratori<\/span><\/h1>\n

–         <\/span><\/span>stimuleaz\u0103 miocardul<\/span><\/h1>\n

–         <\/span><\/span>produce vasodilata\u0163ie periferic\u0103 direct\u0103<\/span><\/h1>\n

–         <\/span><\/span>cre\u015fte moderat diureza<\/span><\/h1>\n
  <\/span><\/div>\n
– m\u0103re\u015fte secre\u0163ia gastric\u0103<\/span><\/div>\n
– cre\u015fte metabolismul bazal<\/span><\/div>\n
Ac\u0163iunea biochimic\u0103 care ar sta la baza efectelor cofeinei const\u0103 \u00een cre\u015fterea cantit\u0103\u0163ii de adenilat ciclic, cu favorizarea consecutiv\u0103 a mecanismelor de fosforilare, respectiv a proceselor energetice.<\/span><\/div>\n
Efecte nedorite \u015fi toxice:<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>toxicitatea cofeinei este mic\u0103<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>efectele nedorite \u00een utilizarea terapeutic\u0103 sunt legate de ac\u0163iunea excitant\u0103 central\u0103 \u015fi constau din nervozitate, tremur\u0103turi, insomnii, palpita\u0163ii <\/span><\/div>\n
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II. HIPNOTICE (SOMNIFERE)<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
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Grup\u0103 de substan\u0163e deprimante centrale care favorizeaz\u0103 apari\u0163ia somnului, \u00eel ad\u00e2ncesc sau \u00eei prelungesc durata. Doze mici au ac\u0163iune sedativ\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n

Fenobarbitalul <\/span><\/h2>\n
   Ac\u0163iune farmacologice:<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>provoac\u0103 sedare<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>favorizeaz\u0103 apari\u0163ia somnului<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>antagonizeaz\u0103 convulsiile electrice<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>poten\u0163eaz\u0103 ac\u0163iunea analgezic\u0103<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>are ac\u0163iune slab antispastic\u0103<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>are ac\u0163iune induc\u0103toare asupra enzimelor microzomiale hepatice<\/span><\/div>\n
Toxicitate \u015fi efecte nedorite:<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>dozele toxice provoac\u0103 stare comatoas\u0103<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>tratamentul prelungit cu doze mari poate fi cauz\u0103 de intoxica\u0163ie cronic\u0103<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>efectele secundare nedorite sunt somnolen\u0163\u0103 la trezire, diminuare a unor performan\u0163e<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>administrarea prelungit\u0103 poate dezvolta toleran\u0163\u0103<\/span><\/div>\n
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III. ANALGEZICE, ANTIPIRETICE \u015eI ANTIINFLAMATORII<\/span><\/h3>\n
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            <\/span><\/b>Au ac\u0163iune antiinflamatorie care contribuie la analgezie \u015fi este, probabil responsabil\u0103 de efectele antireumatice. Ac\u0163iunea antiinflamatorie se datoreaz\u0103 probabil interfer\u0103rii biochimice \u015fi farmacodinamice a unor mediatori chimici ai procesului inflamator. Analgezia este mai pu\u0163in intens\u0103 \u015fi se manifest\u0103 mai ales \u00een durerile somatice de natur\u0103 inflamatorie. Nu au ac\u0163iune euforizant\u0103 \u015fi nu prezint\u0103 pericol de dependen\u0163\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Salicilatul de sodiu<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
Ac\u0163iuni farmacologice:<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>are ac\u0163iune analgezic\u0103 \u015fi antipiretic\u0103<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>propriet\u0103\u0163i antiinflamatorii<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>este un antireumatic activ<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>dozele mari cresc eliminarea urinar\u0103 de acid uric<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>are ac\u0163iuni metabolice multiple<\/span><\/div>\n
Efecte nedorite:<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>grea\u0163\u0103<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>vom\u0103<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>diaree<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>senza\u0163ie de \u201ecap plin\u201d<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>\u0163u\u0163uiuri \u00een urechi<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>administrarea prelungit\u0103 este uneori cauzat\u0103 de intoxica\u0163ie cronic\u0103<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Aspirina<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Ac\u0163iuni farmacologice:<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>are ac\u0163iune antiinflamatoare<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>antireomatic\u0103<\/span><\/div>\n
Fenomene nedorite:<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>irita\u0163ii gastrice<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>leziuni hemoragice ale mucoasei gastrointestinale<\/span><\/div>\n
–         <\/span><\/span>asociat cu alte medicamente poate provoca crize<\/span><\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n
Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 efectele benefice pe care le au medicamentele, ele au \u015fi anumite efecte secundare care depind \u00een mod direct de organism \u015fi modul de administrare al lor.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prin medicamente se \u00een\u0163elege orice produs cu care se pot prevenii, ameliora sau vindeca bolile \u015fi simptomele lor. Tot medicamentele sunt considerate produsele administrate pe calea extern\u0103 sau intern\u0103, la om sau animal, \u00een scopul diagnostic\u0103rii bolilor, precum \u015fi produsele care diminueaz\u0103 sau \u00eenl\u0103tur\u0103 durerea la na\u015fte sau \u00een interven\u0163iile chirurgicale. Ele pot fi d […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107715"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=107715"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107715\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=107715"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=107715"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvnextjob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=107715"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}